土壤微生物群落抵抗力和恢复力研究进展

人类活动的不断加剧使得土壤生态系统承受着环境干扰压力。土壤微生物受到环境干扰的响应程度（抵抗力）及恢复至原来状态的能力（恢复力）决定着土壤生态系统的可持续性。梳理和总结了土壤微生物群落对环境干扰的抵抗力和恢复力方面的研究进展。首先，在介绍土壤微生物群落抵抗力和恢复力概念的基础上，阐述了通过评估微生物群落的结构和功能的变化来系统表征抵抗力和恢复力；随后，分析了最近十年（2012-2021年）有关文献，发现土壤微生物群落的结构和（或）功能在环境干扰后的恢复力总体较弱，但耕作、有机物料添加和轮作等农田管理措施下的响应趋势表现出一定的规律性；继而，从个体水平的休眠和胁迫忍耐、种群水平的生存策略、群落水平的多样性和相互作用以及生态系统水平的历史遗留效应等方面分析了土壤微生物群落抵抗力和恢复力的维持机制；最后，从功能性状、多功能性和植物-土壤微生物整体性对未来研究做出了展望，以期为构建土壤健康评价体系及预测环境干扰对土壤功能的影响提供科学依据。

Resistance and resilience of soil microbial communities: progress and perspective

Soils have been increasingly endured environmental perturbations due to varying degrees of direct or indirect human activities. Microorganisms are the major drivers of soil ecological processes and their ability to resist (i.e. resistance) and recover from (i.e. resilience) these perturbations determines the sustainability of ecosystem functionalities. Thus, it is of great importance to clarify how environmental perturbations influence the resistance and resilience of soil microbial communities. This review aims to summarize the recent advances in resistance and resilience of soil microbial communities to perturbations and the underlying mechanisms. We firstly briefly describe the concepts of resistance and resilience. Resistance is defined as the degree to which soil microbial communities do not change in response to the perturbations, while resilience as the rate at which soil microbial communities return to the initial state after the perturbations. Resistance and resilience can be calculated by comparing the relative changes in the community composition and/or functions under disturbance treatment relative to control at the same sampling point. Subsequently, we carry out a literature analysis of microbial community response to perturbations. We find that soil microbial communities are generally not resistant to perturbations and only a few investigations suggest a full recovery when the perturbations are removed. We also find that tillage always decreases the resistance and resilience of soil microbial communities while input of organic materials into soils usually increases that. We then discuss how intrinsic attributes and extrinsic factors contribute to the resistance and resilience of soil microbial communities to perturbations. The intrinsic attributes are presented at the individual, population, and community levels, respectively. At the individual level, dormancy and stress tolerance can be two advantageous strategies for soil microorganisms to maximize their geometric fitness under unfavorable conditions. At the population level, the lift-history strategy (copiotrophs/oligotrophs, r/K strategists) and trait-based frameworks from plant ecology (competitor-stress tolerator-ruderal, CSR theory) can help partially explain the capacity of soil microorganisms to resist and recover from perturbations. At the community level, it is suggested that the microbial diversity, community composition (the relative abundance of fungi vs bacteria, and rare vs dominant species) as well as the interaction (networks) among microbes collectively contribute to the resistance and resilience of soil microbial communities. The extrinsic factors include the legacy effect of perturbations as well as soil abiotic factors. In the last section, we propose some future research directions:(1) combine trait-based approaches with molecular tools to identify key functional traits related to the resistance and resilience of soil microbial communities to perturbations; (2) emphasize the resistance and resilience of soil multifunctionality because ecosystems can simultaneously carry out the multiple functions; and (3) understand the resistance and resilience of the interaction between plants and microbes to global change stress. These insights into the resistance and resilience of soil microbial communities have functional implications for systematic evaluation of soil health and could predict the impacts of perturbations on ecosystem functions and their feedback under future global change scenarios.