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Frequently asked questions about in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence: practical issues |
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| Authors: | Hazem M Kalaji Gert Schansker Richard J Ladle Vasilij Goltsev Karolina Bosa Suleyman I Allakhverdiev Marian Brestic Filippo Bussotti Angeles Calatayud Piotr Dąbrowski Nabil I Elsheery Lorenzo Ferroni Lucia Guidi Sander W Hogewoning Anjana Jajoo Amarendra N Misra Sergio G Nebauer Simonetta Pancaldi Consuelo Penella DorothyBelle Poli Martina Pollastrini Zdzislawa B Romanowska-Duda Beata Rutkowska João Serôdio Kancherla Suresh Wiesław Szulc Eduardo Tambussi Marcos Yanniccari Marek Zivcak |
| Institution: | 1. Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland 2. Avenue des Amazones 2, 1226, Chêne-Bougeries, Switzerland 3. Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Pra?a Afranio Jorge, s/n, Prado, Maceió, AL, Brazil 4. Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Faculty of Biology, St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, 8 Dr. Tzankov Blvd., 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria 5. Department of Pomology, Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland 6. Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia 7. Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia 8. Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak Agricultural University, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovak Republic 9. Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Science (DISPAA), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50144, Florence, Italy 10. Departamento de Horticultura, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Ctra. Moncada-Náquera Km 4.5, Moncada, 46113, Valencia, Spain 11. Department of Environmental Improvement, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland 12. Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt 13. Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d’Este 32, 44121, Ferrara, Italy 14. Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy 15. Plant Lighting BV, Veilingweg 46, 3981 PC, Bunnik, The Netherlands 16. School of Life Sciences, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, 452 001, M.P, India 17. Centre for Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Ranchi, 835205, India 18. Departamento de Producción vegetal, Universitat Politècnica de València, C de Vera sn, 46022, Valencia, Spain 19. Department of Biology, Roanoke College, 221 College Lane, Salem, VA, 24153, USA 20. Department of Ecophysiology and Plant Development, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, Lodz, 90-237, Poland 21. Agricultural Chemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland 22. Departamento de Biologia, CESAM – Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal 23. Directorate of Oil Palm Research, West Godavari Dt., Pedavegi, 534 450, Andhra Pradesh, India 24. Institute of Plant Physiology, INFIVE (Universidad Nacional de La Plata – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Diagonal 113 N°495, 327, La Plata, Argentina |
| Abstract: | The aim of this educational review is to provide practical information on the hardware, methodology, and the hands on application of chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence technology. We present the paper in a question and answer format like frequently asked questions. Although nearly all information on the application of Chl a fluorescence can be found in the literature, it is not always easily accessible. This paper is primarily aimed at scientists who have some experience with the application of Chl a fluorescence but are still in the process of discovering what it all means and how it can be used. Topics discussed are (among other things) the kind of information that can be obtained using different fluorescence techniques, the interpretation of Chl a fluorescence signals, specific applications of these techniques, and practical advice on different subjects, such as on the length of dark adaptation before measurement of the Chl a fluorescence transient. The paper also provides the physiological background for some of the applied procedures. It also serves as a source of reference for experienced scientists. |
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