Growth, sex determination and reproduction of Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott gametophytes under varying nutritional conditions

KORPELAINEN, H., 1994. Growth, sex determination and reproduction of Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott gametophytes under varying nutritional conditions. Gametophyte isolates originating from two populations of Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott were grown in culture media containing different amounts of nutrients. Both nutrition and source population significantly affected gametophyte growth, sex, reproduction and mortality. Taking into account the most optimal nutritional condition for the selfing of gametophytes originating from individual source sporophytes, the proportions of hermaphrodites reproducing by intragametophytic selfing in the two populations varied from 33 to 96% and from 54 to 100%, respectively. It is emphasized that when examining the amount of genetic load only hermaphrodites, not all individuals, should be included, and genetic load should be estimated from the growth experiments where the intensity of reproduction is at the maximum. It was detected that hermaphroditic gametophytes are considerably larger than males or asexuals. It follows that gametophyte size is decisive in sex determination. It is suggested that the effect of antheridiogen hormones, which is considered to be an important factor in gametophyte sex determination, is indirect. Antheridiogens would actually affect size, and size would influence sex expression. The ecology of fern mating systems, and the different genetic and nongenetic factors which promote intergametophytic matings are discussed.