Polyphenol metabolism of developing apple skin of a scab resistant and a susceptible apple cultivar |
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Authors: | Ana Slatnar Maja Mikulic Petkovsek Heidi Halbwirth Franci Stampar Karl Stich Robert Veberic |
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Institution: | (1) Agronomy Department, Biotechnical Faculty, Chair for Fruit, Wine and Vegetable Growing, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;(2) Institute for Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9/1665, 1060 Vienna, Austria |
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Abstract: | During fruit development, the concentration of main polyphenols (flavonols, flavanols, dihydrochalcones, hydroxycinnamic acids,
anthocyanins) and the activities of related enzymes (phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chalcone synthase/chalcone isomerase, flavanone
3-hydroxylase, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, flavonol synthase, peroxidase) were monitored in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). The seasonal survey was performed at five different sampling dates and included the healthy peel of the resistant
cultivar ‘Florina’ and healthy peel, scab symptomatic spot and the tissue around the infected spot of the susceptible cultivar
‘Golden Delicious’. From all enzymes tested, chalcone synthase/chalcone isomerase had the highest activity in both cultivars,
while phenylalanine ammonia lyase had the lowest. The healthy peels of the susceptible and the resistant cultivar did not
show differences in the accumulation of the main polyphenol groups present in the apple skin. However, in the resistant cultivar
‘Florina’, an increase of polyphenol enzyme activities could be observed in late stages of fruit development, which seems
to be related to the anthocyanin accumulation in ripe fruits. Significant differences in the polyphenol metabolism were observed
in the three different tissues of the susceptible cultivar ‘Golden Delicious’. Increased concentrations of hydroxycinnamic
acids, dihydrochalcones and flavan-3-ols were found in the scab symptomatic spots and surrounding tissues. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,
dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase and peroxidase showed higher activities in the scab symptomatic spot
compared to other analysed tissues, whereas the activities of other enzymes remained unchanged. Highest induction of polyphenol
accumulation after scab infection was observed in early developmental stages, whereas enzyme activities were increased in
later stages. |
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