Host-discrimination by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phymastichus coffea</Emphasis>, a parasitoid of the coffee berry borer

Phymastichus coffea (LaSalle) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is an African endoparasitoid of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) that has been introduced to several countries to control this important pest. In the present study we performed a series of laboratory experiments in order to determine if there was evidence of host discrimination and superparasitism in P. coffea. Our choice experiments demonstrate that P. coffea females showed significant preference to attack unparasitized hosts, rather than those parasitized conspecifically. No significant preferences were detected in self-specific attacks between parasitized hosts and the healthy ones. A further dissection of hosts sequentially attacked either self or conspecifically, revealed that there were no more than two eggs per host. As P. coffea is a species that normally allocates two eggs per host in a single attack, we assumed that females were able to attack already parasitized hosts, but they did not lay eggs in them. Based on this fact, we conclude that there is a host discrimination ability in P. coffea females. With respect to the superparasitism by P. coffea using non-choice experiments, there was no significant difference between self-specific or conspecific attacks with respect to the control after one or two successive attacks. Conspecific attacks yielded the largest numbers of eggs after 3rd, 4th and 5th attacks and significant differences were found between this treatment and the control. The maximum number of eggs found in a single host was six individuals (conspecific treatment). These results confirmed that P. coffea usually laid two eggs per host; however, when there are no hosts available, conspecific attacks can result in the superparasitism in this species.