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Sound production evoked by electrical stimulation of the brain in toadfish (Opsanus beta)
Authors:L S Demski  J W Gerald
Affiliation:1. Institute of Studies for the Greater Bay Area, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, 510006, China;2. School of Public Economics & Administration, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai, 200433, China;1. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China;2. Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China;3. Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Waste Resources, College of Urban and Environment Sciences, Hunan University of Technology, Hunan Province, 412007, China;4. Rural Energy and Environment Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100125, China;5. Center for professional training and service, China Association for Science and Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Abstract:Partially immobilized toadfish were stimulated electrically while under light anaesthesia. A one-to-one response (one sound pulse for each stimulation pulse) resulted from stimulation in the lower medulla and cervical spinal cord. Grunt sounds similar to those evoked by prodding a toadfish were elicited by stimulation at 20 to 50 Hz of many points in the midbrain and medulla as well as single sites in the hypothalamus and spinal cord. Both grunt and one-to-one responses were elicited at the same time from points in the medulla and spinal cord. Sounds similar to the boatwhistle call were evoked by stimulation at 50 to 100 Hz in the mediobasal region of the rostral medulla.
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