Gambierdiscus (Dinophyceae) species diversity in the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary,Northern Gulf of Mexico,USA |
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| Institution: | 1. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA;2. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment, 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA;3. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary, 4700 Avenue U, Galveston, TX 77551, USA;1. Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand;2. University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland Central 1010, New Zealand;3. AgResearch, Ruakura Agricultural Research Centre, 10 Bisley Road, Private Bag 3240, Hamilton, New Zealand;1. College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia;2. Centre of Sustainable Tropical Fisheries & Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia;3. ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia;4. Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland;1. Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA;2. South China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Guangzhou 510300, China;3. Laboratoire des Microalgues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, UMR 241-EIO, BP 30, 98713 Papeete Tahiti, French Polynesia;4. Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Otsu-200, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan;5. Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Teachers Education University, Nanning 530001, China;6. Coastal Watershed Institute, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965, USA;7. Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands 00802, USA;8. Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China;1. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;2. Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16229, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Marine Biotechnology, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Republic of Korea;1. School of Geographical and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, PR China;2. Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA;3. NOAA/NOS, Marine Biotoxins Program, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA;4. State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region;5. Fisheries Division, Ministry of Fisheries & Marine Resources Development, Republic of Kiribati |
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| Abstract: | Globally, ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is the principal cause of non-bacterial illness associated with seafood consumption. The toxins (ciguatoxins) responsible for CFP are produced by dinoflagellates in the genus Gambierdiscus, which are endemic to tropical and sub-tropical areas. Ciguatoxins are lipophilic and bioaccumulate in marine food webs, typically reaching their highest concentrations in fish. Following a CFP event in 2008, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) issued a ciguatera toxin alert that included fish harvested in the northern Gulf of Mexico in and near the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary (FGBNMS). The East Flower Garden Bank (EFGB) and West Flower Garden Bank (WFGB) are characterized by thriving coral communities that support Gambierdiscus growth. This study was undertaken specifically to document the diversity of Gambierdiscus species present in the sanctuary that may be sources of ciguatoxins entering the food web. Samples collected from the FGBNMS over a three year period were screened using species-specific polymerase chain reaction assays. A diverse assemblage of Gambierdiscus species was distributed to depths of >45 m, a new depth record for Gambierdiscus. Gambierdiscus belizeanus, Gambierdiscus caribaeus, Gambierdiscus carolinianus, Gambierdiscus carpenteri and Gambierdiscus ribotype 2 were all found on both East and West FGB with Gambierdiscus ruetzleri also recorded from the WFGB. The most common species was G. carolinianus, originally identified from samples collected between 35 and 40 m off the coast of NC, USA. Our findings are consistent with recent physiological studies showing that some Gambierdiscus species can grow year round at the temperatures and salinities at the FGBNMS and at light levels as low as 10 μmol photons m?2 s?1. Such irradiances are estimated to occur in the FGBNMS at depths of ～70–80 m. The consistent recovery of Gambierdiscus species from deep sampling sites in areas known to produce ciguatoxic fish signals a substantial change in our concept of suitable habitats for Gambierdiscus to include depths greater than 50 m. |
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| Keywords: | Benthic dinoflagellate Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) Climate change Depth distribution Growth requirements Water temperature |
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