The emergence of Dinophysis acuminata blooms and DSP toxins in shellfish in New York waters |
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| Institution: | 1. Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Southampton, NY 11968, USA;2. NOAA – National Ocean Service, Marine Biotoxins Program, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA;3. Universidad Mar del Plata, Miramar, 7607 Prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina;1. División Ficología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, B1900FWA La Plata, Argentina;2. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Buenos Aires, Argentina;3. Facultad Regional de Bahía Blanca, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, 11 de Abril 461, B8000LMI Bahía Blanca, Argentina;4. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (CCTBB CONICET), Camino La Carrindanga km 7.5, B8000FWB Bahía Blanca, Argentina;5. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan 670, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina;6. Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Chemische Ökologie, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;1. LiDakSum Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;2. Center for Collaborative Innovation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;3. Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology (Ningbo University), Ministry of Education, Ningbo 315211, China;4. University of Maryland Center for Environmental Research, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, 701 E. Pratt, St., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;5. University of Maryland, Baltimore, Graduate School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;6. Cancer Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China;1. Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden;2. Department of Aquatic Environment Management, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, College of Fisheries, Mangalore 575002, India;1. Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;2. Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;3. Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;4. Marine Ecotoxicology Lab, Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, USA;5. Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;6. Department of Neurology, Division of Neuropsychology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 S., Paca St., 3rd Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;7. Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road, Box 100009, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA |
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| Abstract: | The dynamics of Dinophysis acuminata and its associated diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins, okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) as well as pectenotoxins (PTXs), were investigated within plankton and shellfish in Northport Bay, NY, USA, over a four year period (2008–2011). Over the course of the study, Dinophysis bloom densities ranged from ~104 to 106 cells L?1 and exceeded 106 L?1 in 2011 when levels of total OA, total DTX1, and PTX in the water column were 188, 86, and 2900 pg mL?1, respectively, with the majority of the DSP toxins present as esters. These cell densities exceed – by two orders of magnitude – those previously reported within thousands of samples collected from NY waters from 1971 to 1986. The bloom species was positively identified as D. acuminata via scanning electron microscopy and genetic sequencing (cox1 gene). The cox1 gene sequence from the D. acuminata populations in Northport Bay was 100% identical to D. acuminata from Narragansett Bay, RI, USA and formed a strongly supported phylogenetic cluster (posterior probability = 1) that included D. acuminata and Dinophysis ovum from systems along the North Atlantic Ocean. Shellfish collected from Northport Bay during the 2011 bloom had DSP toxin levels (1245 ng g?1 total OA congeners) far exceeding the USFDA action level (160 ng g?1 total OA of shellfish tissue) representing the first such occurrence on the East Coast of the U.S. D. acuminata blooms co-occurred with paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) causing blooms of Alexandrium fundyense during late spring each year of the study. D. acuminata cell abundances were significantly correlated with levels of total phytoplankton biomass and Mesodinium spp., suggesting food web interactions may influence the dynamics of these blooms. Given that little is known regarding the combined effects of DSP and PSP toxins on human health and the concurrent accumulation and depuration of these toxins in shellfish, these blooms represent a novel managerial challenge. |
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| Keywords: | DSP North America PSP Shellfish |
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