Possible spreading of toxic Alexandrium tamarense blooms on the Chukchi Sea shelf with the inflow of Pacific summer water due to climatic warming |
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| Institution: | 1. Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan;2. Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia;3. Japan Agency For Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsusihima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan;1. Arctic Environment Research Center, National Institute of Polar Research, 10−3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan;2. Laboratory of Marine Biology, Graduate School of Fisheries Science, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan;3. Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Environment Sensing, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3−1−1 Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan;4. Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2−15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan;1. Laboratory of Marine Biology, Graduate School of Fisheries Science, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-0821, Japan;2. Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia;3. Kaiyo-Koryukan, Kaiyo-Koen 1, Mombetsu, Hokkaido 094-0031, Japan;4. Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 116 Katsurakoi, Kushiro, Hokkaido 085-0802, Japan;1. Physical Oceanography Lab, Ocean University of China;2. Korea Polar Research Institute;1. Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX, 78373, USA;2. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA;3. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Biological Station, St. Andrews, NB, E5B 0E4, Canada;4. Laboratoire d’Océanologie et des Geosciences, UMR LOG 8187, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Wimereux, France |
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| Abstract: | A high abundance of resting cysts of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense was recently reported in the vast continental shelf of the Chukchi Sea in the Arctic Ocean, suggesting that the species is widespread in the shelf. Nevertheless, little is known about the occurrence of A. tamarense vegetative cells in the water column of the arctic. Sea ice reduction and the inflow of Pacific summer water (PSW) through the Bering Strait have recently increased owing to warming in the shelf. To determine the spatial and temporal distributions of A. tamarense in the Chukchi Sea shelf and their relationship to the inflow of PSW, field samplings were conducted in the Chukchi Sea and north Bering Sea shelves three times during the summer of 2013 from July to October. Vegetative cells of A. tamarense was detected in both shelves at all sampling periods with a maximum density of 3.55 × 103 cells L−1. This species was also observed at the station at 73°N, indicating the northernmost record of this species to date. The center of the A. tamarense distribution was between the north Bering and south Chukchi Sea shelf during the first collection period, and spread to the north Chukchi Sea shelf during the second and third collection periods. The species occurrences were mainly observed at stations affected by the PSW, especially Bering shelf water. Water structure of PSW was characterized by warmer surface and bottom water temperatures, and increased temperatures may have promoted the cell growth and cyst germination of A. tamarense. Therefore, it is suggested that an increase in the PSW inflow owing to warming promotes toxic A. tamarense occurrences on the Chukchi Sea shelf. |
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| Keywords: | Chukchi sea shelf Climatic warming Pacific summer water Sea ice reduction Spatial distribution Temporal distribution |
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