Germination fluctuation of toxic Alexandrium fundyense and A. pacificum cysts and the relationship with bloom occurrences in Kesennuma Bay,Japan |
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| Institution: | 1. NPO Mori wa Umi no Koibito, Moune Institute for Forest-Sato-Sea Studies, 212 Higashi-Moune, Karakuwa-cho, Kesennuma, Miyagi 988-0582, Japan;2. Tokyo Metropolitan University, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan;3. Tohoku University, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, 1-1 Amamiya-machi, Tsutsumidori, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan;4. Kitasato University, School of Marine Biosciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan;5. Tottori University of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science and Business Administration, 1-1-1 Wakabadai-kita, Tottori, Tottori 689-1111, Japan;6. Mie University, Graduate School of Bioresources, 1577 Kurima-machiya-cho, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan;1. School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia;2. Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;3. Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;4. Urban Environment Group, Osaka City Institute for Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Osaka, Japan;5. Åbo Akademi University, Department of Biosciences, Turku, Finland;1. IPMA, I.P. – Portuguese Institute of Ocean and Atmosphere, Avenida de Brasília s/n, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal;2. Regional Secretariat for Natural Resources, Regional Directorate of Marine Affairs – Rua Cônsul Dabney, Colónia Alemã, Apartado 140, 9901-014 Horta, Azores, Portugal;1. Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;2. Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt a.M., Germany;1. National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Research Center for Environmental Conservation, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan;2. Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, UMR 5554 UM-CNRS-IRD, Université de Montpellier, cc 065, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France;3. National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Aquatic Genomics Research Center, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan;4. East China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, Dong Tang Road 630, Shanghai 200137, PR China;5. UMR MARBEC 9190 IRD-Ifremer-UM-CNRS, Université de Montpellier, cc93, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France;1. Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE), 9-2 Kizugawadai, Kizugawa-shi, Kyoto, 619-0292, Japan;2. Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK;3. British Geological Survey, Environmental Science Centre, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK;4. The General Environmental Technos Co., Ltd. (KANSO Technos), 1-3-5 Azuchimachi, Chuo, Osaka, 541-0052, Japan;5. The Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Argyll, PA37, UK;6. Tottori University of Environmental Studies, 1-1-1 Wakabadai-kita, Tottori, 689-1111, Japan;7. Chuo University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan |
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| Abstract: | While cyst germination may be an important factor for the initiation of harmful/toxic blooms, assessments of the fluctuation in phytoplankton cyst germination, from bottom sediments to water columns, are rare in situ due to lack of technology that can detect germinated cells in natural bottom sediments. This study introduces a simple mesocosm method, modeled after previous in situ methods, to measure the germination of plankton resting stage cells. Using this method, seasonal changes in germination fluxes of toxic dinoflagellates resting cysts, specifically Alexandrium fundyense (A. tamarense species complex Group I) and A. pacificum (A. tamarense species complex Group IV), were investigated at a fixed station in Kesennuma Bay, northeast Japan, from April 2014 to April 2015. This investigation was conducted in addition to the typical samplings of seawater and bottom sediments to detect the dinoflagellates vegetative cells and resting cysts. Bloom occurrences of A. fundyense were observed June 2014 and February 2015 with maximum cell densities reaching 3.6 × 106 cells m−2 and 1.4 × 107 cells m−2, respectively. The maximum germination fluxes of A. fundyense cysts occurred in April 2014 and December 2014 and were 9.3 × 103 cells m−2 day−1 and 1.4 × 104 cells m−2 day−1, respectively. For A. pacificum, the highest cell density was 7.3 × 107 cells m−2 during the month of August, and the maximum germination fluxes occurred in July and August, reaching 5.8 × 102 cells m−2 day−1. Thus, this study revealed the seasonal dynamics of A. fundyense and A. pacificum cyst germination and their bloom occurrences in the water column. Blooms occurred one to two months after peak germination, which strongly suggests that both the formation of the initial population by cyst germination and its continuous growth in the water column most likely contributed to toxic bloom occurrences of A. fundyense and A. pacificum in the bay. |
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| Keywords: | Cyst Germination Mesocosm experiment Toxic bloom |
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