The effect of land type diversity and spatial heterogeneity on farmland birds in Norway |
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| Institution: | 1. Förderverein Sächsische Vogelschutzwarte Neschwitz e. V., Park 4, 02699 Neschwitz, Germany;2. Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Geographie, 01062 Dresden, Germany;3. Sächsisches Landesamt für Umwelt, Landwirtschaft und Geologie, Postfach 540137, 01311 Dresden, Germany;1. Geomatics and Landscape Ecology Research Laboratory, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada;2. National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment Canada, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada;3. Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Station, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 32 Main Street, Kentville, Nova Scotia B4N 1J5, Canada;1. Wildlife Research Division, National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada;2. Landscape Science and Technology Division, National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada;3. Canadian Wildlife Service, National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada;4. Geomatics and Landscape Ecology Research Laboratory, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada;1. LabOr - Laboratório de Ornitologia, MED - Instituto Mediterrâneo para a Agricultura, Ambiente e Desenvolvimento, Universidade de Évora, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal;2. Grupo de Ecología Terrestre (TEG), Departamento de Ecología and Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;1. Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic;2. Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 1176, Suchdol, 16521 Prague, Czech Republic;3. Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Brani?ovská 1760, 370 05 ?eské Budějovice, Czech Republic;4. Faculty of Science, Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University in Prague, Praha, 2 CZ 12100 Czech Republic;5. Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 50, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic |
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| Abstract: | The decline in farmland birds observed throughout Europe during recent decades has attracted much attention. Agricultural intensification or land abandonment are commonly forwarded as key drivers. Several countries have established agri-environmental schemes (AES) to counter these negative trends among farmland birds. This paper reports a study of the relationship between land use and bird species in the agricultural landscape of Norway. The main objective was to investigate the effect of spatial heterogeneity and diversity of land use on total richness and abundance of farmland birds at a national level.Monitoring the distribution and abundance of birds is part of the Norwegian monitoring programme for agricultural landscapes. The monitoring programme is based on mapping of 1 × 1 km squares distributed across the entire agricultural landscape. Within these squares permanent observation points are established for bird monitoring. Detailed interpretation of aerial photographs provides the land classification. We tested the relationship between landscape metrics at different levels of land type detail and species richness and abundance of farmland and non-farmland birds.There was a positive relationship between species richness and abundance of farmland birds and agricultural area. For non-farmland birds the relationship was negative. Spatial heterogeneity of land use was a significant positive factor for both farmland and non-farmland species. High land type diversity was positive for farmland bird richness, but negative for abundance. Non-farmland bird richness was not affected by land type diversity, but abundance had a negative response.The results presented in this paper highlight the importance of a spatial heterogeneous landscape. However, we also found that land type diversity could negatively affect the abundance of both farmland and non-farmland birds. Our findings suggest a need for different management approaches depending on whether the aim is increased species richness or abundance. Achieving both aims with the same means might be difficult. We thus suggest a need for land use analyses before proper management strategies can be implemented. |
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| Keywords: | Abundance Agricultural landscape Monitoring Species richness Land use Aerial photography |
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