Large-scale production of magnetic nanoparticles using bacterial fermentation |
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Authors: | Ji-Won Moon Claudia J Rawn Adam J Rondinone Lonnie J Love Yul Roh S Michelle Everett Robert J Lauf Tommy J Phelps |
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Institution: | (1) Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA;(2) Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA;(3) Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA;(4) Measurement Science and Systems Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA;(5) Faculty of Earth System and Environmental Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea; |
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Abstract: | Production of both nano-sized particles of crystalline pure phase magnetite and magnetite substituted with Co, Ni, Cr, Mn,
Zn or the rare earths for some of the Fe has been demonstrated using microbial processes. This microbial production of magnetic
nanoparticles can be achieved in large quantities and at low cost. In these experiments, over 1 kg (wet weight) of Zn-substituted
magnetite (nominal composition of Zn0.6Fe2.4O4) was recovered from 30 l fermentations. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to confirm that the extracellular
magnetites exhibited good mono-dispersity. TEM results also showed a highly reproducible particle size and corroborated average
crystallite size (ACS) of 13.1 ± 0.8 nm determined through X-ray diffraction (N = 7) at a 99% confidence level. Based on scale-up experiments performed using a 35-l reactor, the increase in ACS reproducibility
may be attributed to a combination of factors including an increase of electron donor input, availability of divalent substitution
metal ions and fewer ferrous ions in the case of substituted magnetite, and increased reactor volume overcoming differences
in each batch. Commercial nanometer sized magnetite (25–50 nm) may cost $500/kg. However, microbial processes are potentially
capable of producing 5–90 nm pure or substituted magnetites at a fraction of the cost of traditional chemical synthesis. While
there are numerous approaches for the synthesis of nanoparticles, bacterial fermentation of magnetite or metal-substituted
magnetite may represent an advantageous manufacturing technology with respect to yield, reproducibility and scalable synthesis
with low costs at low energy input. |
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