Crust Composition and Disturbance Drive Infiltration Through Biological Soil Crusts in Semiarid Ecosystems

Soil crusts influence many soil parameters that affect how water moves into and through the soil, and therefore, critically influence water availability, erosion processes, nutrient fluxes, and vegetation distribution patterns in semiarid ecosystems. Soil crusts are quite sensitive to disturbance, and their alteration can lead to modification of the local hydrological regime, thus affecting general functioning of the ecosystem. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of different types of soil crusts, physical, and biological in different developmental stages, as well as the impact of their disturbance, on infiltration. This was assessed by means of rainfall simulations conducted in two semiarid ecosystems in southeast Spain characterized by different lithologies, topographies, and soil crust distributions. Two consecutive rainfall simulation experiments (50 mm h⁻¹ rainfall intensity), the first on dry soil and the second on wet soil, were carried out in microplots (0.25 m²) containing the most representative soil crust types at each site, each crust type subjected to three disturbance treatments: (a) undisturbed, (b) trampling, and (c) removal. Infiltration in the crusts was higher on coarse- than on fine-textured soils and almost two times greater on dry than on wet soil. Biological soil crusts (BSC) showed higher infiltration rates than physical soil crusts (PSC). Within BSC, infiltration increased as cyanobacterial biomass increased and was the highest in moss crusts. However, late-successional crustose and squamulose lichen crusts showed very low infiltration rates. Trampling reduced infiltration rates, especially when soil was wet, whereas crust removal enhanced infiltration. But this increase in infiltration after removing the crust decreased over time as the soil sealed again due to raindrop impact, making runoff rates in the scraped microplots approach those registered in the respective undisturbed crust types. Our results demonstrate that water redistribution in semiarid ecosystems strongly depends on the type of crusts that occupy the interplant spaces and the characteristics of the soils which they overly, as well as the antecedent moisture conditions of the soil. Disturbance of these crust patches results in increased runoff and erosion, which has important consequences on general ecosystem functioning.