人与野生动物冲突研究现状及经验启示

人与野生动物冲突是人与自然耦合系统不可避免的负向产物，对冲突的治理是实现保护与发展协调的重要路径。国内外学者对此展开了大量的研究。本文从冲突生成、影响、成本和治理四个方面对现有研究进行梳理，结果表明人与野生动物冲突对保护与发展都造成负面影响，包括社区直接经济损失、人身安全受威胁、福祉降低以及野生动物被伤害、栖息地被挤占。现有研究还存在缺乏跨学科系统研究框架、忽视冲突隐性成本以及对冲突影响研究不深入等不足，未来在科学测度冲突成本、从生态和社会经济视角对冲突影响进行评估以及冲突治理措施多元化方面研究需要深入。在此基础上，从建立中央政府为主、地方政府为辅的野生动物冲突补偿专项基金；政府为主导，企业、社区、国际组织和高校多方利益群体参与机制；人与野生动物冲突分区管理制度；冲突损失核算和申报管理系统；多元化冲突治理模式；冲突减缓土地利用规划体系方面提出现有研究对治理我国人与野生动物冲突的启示。

Research status on conflict between human and wildlife and its experience

Human wildlife conflict is an inevitably negative product of the coupled system between human and nature. The governance of conflict is an important way to realize the coordination of conservation and development. Scholars have carried out massive studies. This study summarized the existing research from four aspects of human and wildlife conflict generation, impact, cost and governance. The results indicated that both conservation and development were negatively affected by human wildlife conflict, which has caused economic losses, personal injury, well-being loss, wildlife hurt, and habitats exploited. There are still some deficiencies in the existing researches. First, researches are lack of interdisciplinary systematic research framework, which make it difficult for economists and ecologists to communicate effectively. Second, the hidden costs of human wildlife costs are neglected, such as mental health costs, transaction and opportunity costs, which are far more than direct costs. Third, researches about the impact of human wildlife conflict are not studied in depth, such as the spillover, feedback and interaction effects are not fully analyzed. Based on this, further researches are needed in terms of scientific measurement of the conflict cost, evaluation of the conflict impact from the ecological and socio-economic perspectives, and diversification of conflict governance measures. Finally, we put forward experiences of enlightenment to mitigate human wildlife conflict. First, the human wildlife cost should be measured accurately and then the special compensation funds with the central government as the mainstay and local governments as the supplement should be established. Second, the government can explore the capitalization path of ecological resources and establish the government-led, multi-stakeholder participation mechanism to mitigate the human and wildlife conflict. Third, the government can establish divisional management rules and strengthen the ability of local village collective governance. Forth, the modern information technology should be applied to measure the human wildlife cost and the government can build a loss accounting and reporting management system. Forth, multiple conservation and development policy combinations should be implemented and the conflict can be solved by diversified management model. Fifth, the government should formulate scientific land use planning project to manage the wildlife population and habitat effectively.