Taxonomy and evolutionary patterns in the fossil Hyaenidae of Europe

We review the larger pattern of appearance of the Hyaenidae in Europe and outline their part in the turnover of the guild of larger Carnivora that occurs across the Miocene-Pliocene boundary. The earliest record of the family is in MN4, although the patchy nature of the earliest records makes it difficult to be certain about the continent of origin. There is a clear pattern of morphological evolution over that long timespan, from the earliest viverrid- and herpestid-like forms through dog-like and more cursorial taxa to the larger, bone-crunching animals of the later Miocene and the Pliocene-Pleistocene epochs. Miocene dog-like hyaenas may indicate that social hunting had emerged by that time, while the appearance of larger species means that hyaena-accumulated bone assemblages may potentially occur in any late Miocene to Pleistocene locality.