Ambiguities in the identification of batoid lateral line systems clarified by innervation

Innervation of the lateral line canal system in seven batoid species (representing seven families in three orders) provided a reliable basis for the identification of each canal element. Previous topographic definitions of the canal elements have failed to recognize homologies within batoids for the scapular and hyomandibular canals. The former is innervated by the posterior lateral line nerve and the latter is innervated by an external mandibular branch of the anterior lateral line nerve. This indicates that the scapular canal is represented only by the scapular loop in Myliobatoidei.