Ecology and evolution of Devonian trees in New York,USA |
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| Authors: | Gregory J Retallack Chengmin Huang |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK;2. NM Museum of Natural History and Science, 1801 Mountain Road, N.W. Albuquerque, NM 87104, USA;1. Department of Applied Geology, Institute of Geosciences and Exact Science, UNESP — Rio Claro, Postal Code: 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil;2. DAStietz, Museum für Naturkunde, Moritzstraße 20, D-09111 Chemnitz, Germany;3. In den Birkengärten 30, D-67311 Tiefenthal, Germany;1. Université Lyon 1 and CNRS UMR 5276, 7 rue Dubois, F69622 Villeurbanne, France;2. Jagiellonian University, Institute of Botany, Department of Palaeobotany and Palaeoherbarium, ul. Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków, Poland;3. Faculty of Earth Science, University of Silesia, B?dzińska 60 St, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;4. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Department of Botany, 1476 Budapest, pf. 222, Hungary;5. W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków, Poland;6. Department of Plant Anatomy, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary;7. Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;8. Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;1. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências/UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Cx.P. 15001, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;2. Instituto de Geociências/UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Cx.P. 15001, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;3. Laboratório de Palinofácies e Fácies Orgânica LAFO/DEGL/IGEO/CCMN/UFRJ, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 274, Bloco J1, Sala 20, 21941-916 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil;4. Setor de Botânica e Paleobotânica, Museu de Ciências Naturais, Centro Universitário UNIVATES, Avenida Avelino Tallini, 171, 95900-000 Lajeado, RS, Brazil;1. CICEGe, Earth Sciences Department, Technology and Sciences College, New University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;2. IMAR — Marine and Environmental Research Centre, Earth Sciences Department, University of Coimbra, 3000-272 Coimbra, Portugal;3. Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden |
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| Abstract: | The first trees in New York were Middle Devonian (earliest Givetian) cladoxyls (?Duisbergia and Wattieza), with shallow-rooted manoxylic trunks. Cladoxyl trees in New York thus postdate their latest Emsian evolution in Spitzbergen. Progymnosperm trees (?Svalbardia and Callixylon–Archaeopteris) appeared in New York later (mid-Givetian) than progymnosperm trees from Spitzbergen (early Givetian). Associated paleosols are evidence that Wattieza formed intertidal to estuarine mangal and Callixylon formed dry riparian woodland. Also from paleosols comes evidence that Wattieza and Callixylon required about 350 mm more mean annual precipitation than plants of equivalent stature today, that Wattieza tolerated mean annual temperature 7 °C less than current limits of mangal (20 °C), and Callixylon could tolerate temperatures 14 °C less than modern mangal. Devonian mangal and riparian woodland spread into New York from wetter regions elsewhere during transient paleoclimatic spikes of very high CO2 (3923 ± 238 ppmv), and subhumid (mean annual precipitation 730 ± 147 mm) conditions, which were more likely extrinsic atmospheric perturbations rather than consequences of tree evolution. For most of the Middle Devonian CO2 was lower (2263 ± 238 ppmv), and paleoclimate in New York was semiarid (mean annual precipitation 484 ± 147 mm). Such transient perturbations and immigration events may explain the 40 million year gap between the late Emsian (400 Ma) evolution of trees and Famennian (360 Ma) CO2 drawdown and expansion of ice caps. |
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