The larval head of Exechia (Mycetophilidae) and Bibio (Bibionidae) (Diptera) |
| |
| Institution: | 1. Acarology Laboratory, Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Rd., Columbus, OH 43212, USA;2. Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, USDA, ARS, BARC-West, Bldg. 012, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA;3. Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, ARS, BARC-West, Bldg. 005, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA;1. Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 9, D-24098 Kiel, Germany;2. Ottenbohlstr. 12, D-88690 Mühlhofen, Germany;1. State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China;2. Lebanese University, Faculty of Science II, Natural Sciences Department, Fanar, Matn, P.O. Box 26110217, Lebanon;3. Muséum National d''Histoire Naturelle, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB, UMR 7205 CNRS UPMC EPHE, CP50, 45 rue Buffon, F-75005 Paris, France;1. Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;2. Key Laboratory of the Pest Monitoring and Safety Control on the Crop and Forest, College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China;3. Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science & Technology of Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China |
| |
| Abstract: | Exechia and Bibio have retained several plesiomorphic groundplan features of Diptera and Bibionomorpha, including a fully exposed and sclerotized head capsule, the transverse undivided labrum, the absence of movable premandibles, and undivided mandibles without combs. The fusion of the hypostomal bridge with the head capsule and largely reduced antennae are derived features shared by both taxa. The absence of teeth at the anterior hypostomal margin is a potential autapomorphy of Bibionomorpha. A basal position of Anisopodidae is suggested by a number of plesiomorphies retained in this family. Apomorphies of Bibionomorpha excluding Anisopodidae are the reduction of tentorial elements, the partial fusion of the labrum and clypeus, one-segmented antennae, the absence of a separate submental sclerite, the loss of the labial palpus, and the reduction of the pharyngeal filter apparatus. Head structures of Bibio are largely unmodified. The subprognathous orientation is one of few autapomorphic features. In contrast, the mouthparts of Exechia are highly modified in correlation with the specialized food uptake. The rasping counterrotating movements of maxillae and mandibles with teeth oriented in opposite directions are carried out by strongly developed extensors and flexors of the paired mouthparts. The modified labium mechanically supports the “drill head” formed by the mandibles und maxillae. The necessary stability of the head capsule is provided by the hypostomal bridge which also compensates the far-reaching reduction of the tentorium. |
| |
| Keywords: | Dipteran larvae Morphology Head Phylogeny |
| 本文献已被 ScienceDirect 等数据库收录！ |
|
