Differential tissue distribution of metabolites in Jacobaea vulgaris,Jacobaea aquatica and their crosses |
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| Institution: | 1. Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada University, Teknika Selatan Sekip Utara, 55281 Yogyakarta, Indonesia;2. Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands;3. Section Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Postbus 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands;1. Department of Life Sciences, Via A. Moro 2, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy;2. Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Nagano 386-2204, Japan;3. Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, FSU Jena, Erbertstraße 1, 07743 Jena, Germany;1. Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest 1117, Hungary;2. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, H?gyes Endre utca 7, Budapest 1092, Hungary;3. Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Gellért tér 4, Budapest 1111, Hungary;4. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest 1117, Hungary;5. Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üll?i út 26, Budapest 1085, Hungary;1. DAFNAE, Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, Agripolis Campus, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro PD, Italy;2. Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy;3. Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Campus, Konya, Turkey;4. Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius;1. Institute of Biotechnology, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xue Yuan Road, University Town, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China;2. Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK;3. Food Nutrition Sciences Centre, Zhejiang Gongshang University, No. 1 Laboratory Building, No. 149 Jiaogong Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310012, China;4. Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK |
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| Abstract: | Plants are attacked by many different herbivores. Some will consume whole leaves or roots, while others will attack specific types of tissue. Thus, insight into the metabolite profiles of different types of leaf tissues is necessary to understand plant resistance against herbivores. Jacobaea vulgaris, J. aquatica and three genotypes of their crossings were used to study the variation in metabolomic profiles between epidermis and mesophyll tissues. Extracts of epidermis and mesophyll tissues were obtained using carborundum abrasion (CA). Subsequently, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and multivariate data analyses were applied to compare the metabolome profiles. Orthogonal partial least-squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) resulted in a clear separation of epidermis and mesophyll extracts. The epidermis contained significantly higher amounts of jacaranone and phenylpropanoids, specifically chlorogenic (5-O-CQA) and feruloyl quinic (FQA) acids compared to the mesophyll. In contrast, the mesophyll showed significantly higher concentrations of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), specifically jacobine and jaconine. The tissue specific distribution of these compounds was constant over all genotypes tested. Phenylpropanoids, 5-O-CQA and FQA, as well as PAs are known for their inhibitory effect on herbivores, especially against thrips. Thrips feeding commences with the penetration of the epidermis, followed by ingestion of sub-epidermal or mesophyll. Thrips thus may have to encounter phenylpropanoids in the epidermis as the first line of defence, before encountering the PAs as the ultimate defence in the mesophyll. The finding of tissue specific defense may have a major impact on studies of plant resistance. We cannot judge resistance using analyses of a whole roots, leafs or flowers. In such a whole-organism approach, the levels of potential defense compounds are far below the real ones encountered in tissues involved in the first line of defense. Instead, it is of great importance to study the defence compounds in the specific tissue to which the herbivore is confined. |
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