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Cellular biomarkers to elucidate global warming effects on Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri
Authors:Paola Cristina Branco  Leandro Nogueira Pressinotti  Jo?o Carlos Shimada Borges  Renata Stecca Iunes  José Roberto Kfoury Jr  Marcos Oliveira da Silva  Marcelo Gonzalez  Marinilce Fagundes dos Santos  Lloyd Samuel Peck  Edwin L. Cooper  José Roberto Machado Cunha da Silva
Affiliation:1. Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, CEP 05508-900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
2. Metropolitan United Faculties, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rua Ministro Nelson Hungria, 541, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
3. Sector of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
4. Antarctic Bio-resources Laboratory, Chilean Antarctic Institute, Plaza Mu?oz Gamero, 1055, Punta Arenas, Chile
5. Ecosystems Programme, British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
6. Laboratory of Comparative Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen Scholl of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 190095-4763, USA
Abstract:
Global warming is a reality and its effects have been widely studied. However, the consequences for marine invertebrates remain poorly understood. Thus, the present study proposed to evaluate the effect of elevated temperature on the innate immune system of Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri. Sea urchins were collected nearby Brazilian Antarctic Station ??Comandante Ferraz?? and exposed to 0 (control), 2 and 4°C for periods of 48?h, 2, 7 and 14?days. After the experimental periods, coelomic fluid was collected in order to perform the following analyses: coelomocytes differential counting, phagocytic response, adhesion and spreading coelomocytes assay, intranuclear iron crystalloid and ultra structural analysis of coelomocytes. The red sphere cell was considered a biomarker for heat stress, as they increased in acute stress. Besides that, a significant increase in phagocytic indexes was observed at 2°C coinciding with a significant increase of intranuclear iron crystalloid at the same temperature and same time period. Furthermore, significant alterations in cell adhesion and spreading were observed in elevated temperatures. The ultra structural analysis of coelomocytes showed no significant difference across treatments. This was the first time that innate immune response alterations were observed in response to elevated temperature in a Polar echinoid.
Keywords:
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