Sex-biased parasitism,host mass and mutualistic bat flies: an antagonistic individual-based network of bat-bat fly interactions |
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| Institution: | 1. Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil;2. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil;3. Setor de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil;4. Departamento de Biologia Geral, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica Aplicada, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil;1. Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK;2. The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia;1. Public Health Agency of Canada, Agence de la Santé Publique du Canada, 200 René-Lévesque Blvd., Montréal, Québec H2Z 1X4, Canada;2. School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 357F South Academic Building, 116 St. and 85th Ave., Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada;3. Office of Campus Ministries, 110 E. 12th St. Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, United States;5. Saint Joseph High School, 2521 Stadium Dr., Saint Joseph, MI 49085, United States;1. Infectious Diseases Programme, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia;2. Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns QLD 4878 Australia;3. Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain;1. Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;2. ANSES, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail - Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, Unité Génétique Virale de Biosécurité, Ploufragan, France;3. UMR 1161 Virology ANSES/INRAE/ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France;1. National Veterinary Research Institute in Pu?awy, Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Aleja Partyzantów 56, 24-100 Pu?awy, Poland;2. USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Lab, BARC-East Building 1040, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, 10705 Beltsville, MD, USA;1. General Zoology, Institute for Biology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;2. Laboratorio de Entomología Aplicada y Parasitología–LENAP, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala;3. Instituto de Investigaciones, Centro Universitario de Zacapa, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala |
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| Abstract: | Individual-based networks provide the building blocks for community-level networks. However, network studies of bats and their parasites have focused only on the species level. Intrapopulation variation may allow certain host individuals to play important roles in the dynamics of the parasites. Therefore, we evaluated how the variation in host sex, body size, ectoparasite abundance and co-occurrence configure individual-based networks of the lesser bulldog bat Noctilio albiventris and bat flies. We expected bat individuals with greater body mass and forearms acting as the core in the network. We also expected males to play a more important role in the network. We sampled a network of N. albiventris bat individuals and their bat flies to describe the structure of an antagonistic individual-based network. We aimed to identify the most relevant bat individuals in the network, focusing on the implications inherent to each of the following approaches: (i) core-periphery organization; (ii) modularity; (iii) species level metrics; and (iv) the main ecological driver of bat individual roles in the network, using niche-based predictors (body mass, forearm and sex). We showed that a network of N. albiventris individuals and their bat flies had low modularity containing a persistent nucleus of individuals and bat flies with well-established interactions. Male individuals with greater body mass played an important role in the network, while for females neither mass nor forearm length were important predictors of their role in the network. Finally, individuals with a high abundance of Paradyschiria parvula played a core role. These results provide an alternative perspective to understand the patterns and mechanisms of interspecific interactions between parasites on the host, as well as sex-biased parasitism. |
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| Keywords: | Core-periphery organization Species importance Antagonistic interactions Modularity Mutualistic ectoparasites Lesser bulldog bat |
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