Microglial overexpression of fALS-linked mutant SOD1 induces SOD1 processing impairment,activation and neurotoxicity and is counteracted by the autophagy inducer trehalose |
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Authors: | Francesca Massenzio Emiliano Peña-Altamira Sabrina Petralla Marco Virgili Giampaolo Zuccheri Andrea Miti Elisabetta Polazzi Ilaria Mengoni Deborah Piffaretti Barbara Monti |
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Institution: | 1. Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy;2. Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research on Life and Health Sciences at the University of Bologna, Italy;3. S3 Center of the Institute of Nanoscience of the National Research Council (C.N.R.), Italy |
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Abstract: | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron disease. Mutations in the gene encoding copper/zinc superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) are responsible for most familiar cases, but the role of mutant SOD1 protein dysfunction in non-cell autonomous neurodegeneration, especially in relation to microglial activation, is still unclear. Here, we focused our study on microglial cells, which release SOD1 also through exosomes. We observed that in rat primary microglia the overexpression of the most-common SOD1 mutations linked to fALS (G93A and A4V) leads to SOD1 intracellular accumulation, which correlates to autophagy dysfunction and microglial activation. In primary contact co-cultures, fALS mutant SOD1 overexpression by microglial cells appears to be neurotoxic by itself. Treatment with the autophagy-inducer trehalose reduced mutant SOD1 accumulation in microglial cells, decreased microglial activation and abrogated neurotoxicity in the co-culture model. These data suggest that i) the alteration of the autophagic pathway due to mutant SOD1 overexpression is involved in microglial activation and neurotoxicity; ii) the induction of autophagy with trehalose reduces microglial SOD1 accumulation through proteasome degradation and activation, leading to neuroprotection. Our results provide a novel contribution towards better understanding key cellular mechanisms in non-cell autonomous ALS neurodegeneration. |
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Keywords: | AFM atomic force microscopy ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis BME Basal Medium Eagle CGNs cerebellar granule neurons DIV EV Empty Vector GFP green fluorescent protein iNOS inducible-Nitric Oxide Synthase LAMP-1 lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 LC3β microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 MCM microglial conditioned medium SOD1 copper/zinc superoxide dismutase-1 TREM2 Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 WT wild type Primary rat microglia Glial activation Protein release AFM and exosomes Co-cultures neuroprotection Autophagy impairment |
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