城市生态观测:质量控制对象、体系和规范编制

城市生态系统长期观测是开展城市生态安全评价和制定人居环境健康管理政策的基础。为了确保城市生态观测数据的准确性和科学性,通过辨识城市生态观测质量控制的概念,基于"人机料法环"理论构建了城市生态观测质量控制体系,结合城市生态观测质量控制相关规范的编制与实施现状,探讨了城市生态观测质量控制规范的编制技术。结果表明：（1）城市生态观测质量控制是面向城市生态观测内容（要素、空间格局、功能、服务）,为保证生态观测全过程质量要求、提高生态观测结果的准确性而实施的质量控制活动和措施。（2）城市生态观测质量控制体系可从对象和过程这两个维度进行界定：对象维度方面,包括"人"-人员、"机"-仪器设备、"料"-数据、"法"-文件和"环"-观测过程5个方面;过程维度方面,涵盖城市生态观测全过程,包括城市生态观测前期准备工作、观测过程中以及观测后的数据录入、审核与评价等环节的质量控制措施。（3）我国已发布的生态观测相关技术标准中,发布的时间越晚,质量控制内容越完整,目前生态观测相关标准共102则,仅38则明确提出了质量控制具体要求。（4）《城市生态观测质量控制规范》编制需包含质量体系和质量控制措施两项技术内容,主要包括前引、正文和附录三个章节,对生态观测全过程质量保证和质量控制技术进行规定。

Urban ecological observation: objects, systems and criterion of quality control

Long-term urban ecosystem observation is the basis for urban ecological safety evaluation and habitat health management policy formulation. In order to ensure the accuracy and scientificity of urban ecological observation data, this research first established an urban ecological observation quality control system based on the theory of " Human-Machine-Material-Method-Environment " by identifying the concept of urban ecological observation quality control, and discussed the compilation technology of urban ecological observation quality control specification by combining the current situation of preparation and implementation of urban ecological observation quality control specification. The results show that: (1) Quality control of urban ecological observation are the quality control activities and measures implemented for the content of urban ecological observation (elements, spatial patterns, functions, and services), to ensure the quality requirements of the whole process of ecological observation and improve the accuracy of ecological observation results. (2) The quality control system of urban ecological observation can be defined in two dimensions: object and process. The object dimension includes five aspects: "human"-personnel, "machine"-instruments and equipment, "material"-data, "method"- policy documents and "environment"- observation process; The process dimension covers the entire process of urban ecological observation, including the quality control measures in the pre-preparation work of urban ecological observation, data entry, review and evaluation during the observation process and after the observation. The quality control of the observation process is the main body of the quality control system. Different quality control measures should be developed according to different observation methods (sampling observation, positioning observation, socio-economic survey, and remote sensing observation) to achieve total quality management. (3) A total of 102 technical standards related to ecological observation have been published in China, only 38 of which clearly put forward specific requirements for quality control. Compared with local standards, ecological observations in national standards and industry standards involve more quality control content, and the quality control system is more complete. In 2005, the Marine Standard took the lead in issuing relevant standards for the content of ecological observation, and there is still a lack of standards for the quality control of ecological observations in urban ecosystems. (4) The compilation of "Criterion on Quality Control of Urban Ecological Observation" needs to contain two technical contents of quality system and quality control measures, mainly including three chapters, namely, the introduction, the main text, and the appendix, which provide for the quality assurance and quality control technologies for the whole process of ecological observation.