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Smash ridge tillage strongly influence soil functionality,physiology and rice yield

Authors:	Jing Zhang Faqiao Li Peizuo Liao Aziz Khan Izhar Hussain Anas Iqbal Izhar Ali Benhui Wei Ligeng Jiang

Abstract:	The practice of smash-ridging on dry land crop cultivation has shown much promise. However, the mechanism how does soil functionality and root traits can affect rice yield under smash ridge tillage with reduced nitrogen fertilization have not yet been explored. To fill this knowledge gap, we used three tillage methods—smash-ridging 40 cm (S40), smash-ridging 20 cm (S20), and traditional turn-over plowing 20 cm (T)—and two rice varieties (hybrid rice and conventional rice) and measured soil quality, root traits, rice yield and their correlation analysis at different growth stages. Soil physical and chemical properties were significantly improved by smash-ridging, including improvements in root morphological and physiological traits during three growth stages compared with T. S40 had the highest leaf area index (LAI), plant height (PH), and biomass accumulation (BA). Increment in biomass and panicle number (PN) resulted in higher grain yield (GY) of 6.9–9.4% compared with T. Correlation analysis revealed that root total absorption area (RTAA), root active absorption area (RAA), and root area ratio (RAR) were strongly correlated with soil quality. Root injury flow (RIF) and root biomass accumulation (RBA) were strongly correlated with LAI and above-ground plant biomass accumulation (AGBA). Conclusively, S40 is a promising option for improving soil quality, root traits, and consequently GY.

Keywords:	Rice (Oryza sativa) Smash-ridging tillage Soil quality Roots traits Grain yield S40"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0035"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"smash-ridging 40 cm S20"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0045"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"smash-ridging 20 cm T"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0055"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"traditional turn-over plowing 20 cm LAI"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0065"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"leaf area index PH"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0075"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"plant height BA"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0085"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"biomass accumulation PN"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0095"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"panicle number GY"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0105"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"grain yield RTAA"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0115"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"root total absorption area RAA"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0125"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"root active absorption area RAR"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0135"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"root area ratio RIF"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0145"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"Root injury flow RBA"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0155"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"root biomass accumulation AGBA"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0165"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"ground plant biomass accumulation NA"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0175"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"nitrogen accumulation nitrogen NDP"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0185"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"dry matter productivity NGP"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0195"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"nitrogen grain productivity NTE"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0205"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"nitrogen transport efficiency NHI"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0215"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"nitrogen harvest index AN"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0225"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"available nitrogen AP"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0235"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"available phosphorus AK"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0245"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"available potassium SOC"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0255"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"soil organic carbon RVL"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0265"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"maximum roots length per volume RSA"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0275"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"roots surface area RV"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0285"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"roots volume RTAA"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0295"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"roots total absorption area RAA"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0305"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"roots active absorption area RAR"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0315"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"roots area ratio Rα-NO"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0325"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"roots α-naphthylamine oxidation BD"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0335"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"bulk density PD"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0345"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"particle density P"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0355"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"porosity
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