Reproductive cycles of male and female tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) on Stephens Island, New Zealand

Cycles in gonadal activity and plasma sex steroid concentrations were investigated in wild female and male tuatara on Stephens Island, New Zealand. Females nest once every four years on average. Vitellogenesis is spread over the first three years, and mating, ovulation and nesting occur in the fourth. Oviducal eggs are carried for6–8 months before nesting. Although the length of this ovarian cycle is unparalleled among oviparous reptiles, the associated cycles in plasma concentrations of sex steroids are similar to those in other reptiles. Mean plasma concentrations of oestradiol increase during vitellogenesis, peak at mating, fall rapidly before or around ovulation, are low during most of gravidity, and rise slightly during late gravidity-nesting. Plasma concentrations of testosterone show a similarcycle. Mean plasma concentrations of progesterone are low during vitellogenesis and peak around ovulation. This periovulatory surge falls within1–2 months, and mean concentrations are low during the final 5–6 months of gravidity. Male tuatara show an annual, pre-nuptial reproductive cycle. Mean plasma concentrations of testosterone are low during winter, rise during spring, peak during midsummer-early autumn, when pre-nuptial displays and mating occur, and fall in mid autumn. Limited histological data indicate that spermiogenesis occurs during midsummer-early autumn, and also support a previous study suggesting that there may be no period of complete testicular and epididymal regression. In comparison with the pre-nuptial cycles of other temperate-zone reptiles, the cycle in male tuatara shows a more prolonged duration of testicular activity and of rising or elevated plasma testosterone concentrations. The prolonged reproductive cycles of male and female tuatara may be adaptations to a temperate environment with cool summers and cool, but not freezing, winters.