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About PAR: the distinct evolutionary dynamics of the pseudoautosomal region |
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| Authors: | Otto Sarah P Pannell John R Peichel Catherine L Ashman Tia-Lynn Charlesworth Deborah Chippindale Adam K Delph Lynda F Guerrero Rafael F Scarpino Samuel V McAllister Bryant F |
| Affiliation: | 1 Department of Zoology, 6270 University Boulevard, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada 2 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK 3 Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA 4 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260-3929, USA 5 Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK 6 Department of Biology, Biosciences Complex, 116 Barrie Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada 7 Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA 8 Section of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX 78712, USA 9 Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA |
| Abstract: | Sex chromosomes differ from other chromosomes in the striking divergence they often show in size, structure, and gene content. Not only do they possess genes controlling sex determination that are restricted to either the X or Y (or Z or W) chromosomes, but in many taxa they also include recombining regions. In these 'pseudoautosomal regions' (PARs), sequence homology is maintained by meiotic pairing and exchange in the heterogametic sex. PARs are unique genomic regions, exhibiting some features of autosomes, but they are also influenced by their partial sex linkage. Here we review the distribution and structure of PARs among animals and plants, the theoretical predictions concerning their evolutionary dynamics, the reasons for their persistence, and the diversity and content of genes that reside within them. It is now clear that the evolution of the PAR differs in important ways from that of genes in either the non-recombining regions of sex chromosomes or the autosomes. |
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