Complete reversal of coenzyme specificity of xylitol dehydrogenase and increase of thermostability by the introduction of structural zinc

Pichia stipitis NAD(+)-dependent xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH), a medium-chain dehydrogenase/reductase, is one of the key enzymes in ethanol fermentation from xylose. For the construction of an efficient biomass-ethanol conversion system, we focused on the two areas of XDH, 1) change of coenzyme specificity from NAD(+) to NADP(+) and 2) thermostabilization by introducing an additional zinc atom. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to examine the roles of Asp(207), Ile(208), Phe(209), and Asn(211) in the discrimination between NAD(+) and NADP(+). Single mutants (D207A, I208R, F209S, and N211R) improved 5 approximately 48-fold in catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) with NADP(+) compared with the wild type but retained substantial activity with NAD(+). The double mutants (D207A/I208R and D207A/F209S) improved by 3 orders of magnitude in k(cat)/K(m) with NADP(+), but they still preferred NAD(+) to NADP(+). The triple mutant (D207A/I208R/F209S) and quadruple mutant (D207A/I208R/F209S/N211R) showed more than 4500-fold higher values in k(cat)/K(m) with NADP(+) than the wild-type enzyme, reaching values comparable with k(cat)/K(m) with NAD(+) of the wild-type enzyme. Because most NADP(+)-dependent XDH mutants constructed in this study decreased the thermostability compared with the wild-type enzyme, we attempted to improve the thermostability of XDH mutants by the introduction of an additional zinc atom. The introduction of three cysteine residues in wild-type XDH gave an additional zinc-binding site and improved the thermostability. The introduction of this mutation in D207A/I208R/F209S and D207A/I208R/F209S/N211R mutants increased the thermostability and further increased the catalytic activity with NADP(+).