Historic dyes and how to identify them

The origin, production, and means of confirming the authenticity of some historic dyes are described. The underlying chemistry is revealed. The evolution of analytical techniques from early times, when the main criterion for a good textile dye was fitness for use, to more modern chromatographic techniques, where the emphasis is on chemical identity, is illustrated. Recent developments have led to smaller sample size requirements, greater speed of analysis and have led to a more detailed knowledge of the chemical components of historic dyes.