Calcium homeostasis in a clonal pituitary cell line of mouse corticotropes.

Calcium homeostasis was studied following a depolarization-induced transient increase in Ca2+]i in single cells of the clonal pituitary cell line of corticotropes, AtT-20 cells. The KCl-induced increase in Ca2+]i was blocked in (i) extracellular calcium-deficient solutions, (ii) external cobalt (2.0 mM), (iii) cadmium (200 microM), and (iv) nifedipine (2.0 microM). The mean increase in Ca2+]i in single cells in the presence of an uncoupler of mitochondrial function carbonyl cyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone, FCCP, 1 microM] was 54 +/- 13 nM (n = 9). The increase in Ca2+]i produced by FCCP was greater either during or following a KCl-induced Ca2+]i load. However, FCCP did not significantly alter the clearance of calcium during a KCl-induced rise in Ca2+]i. Fifty percent of the cells responded to caffeine (10 mM) with an increase in Ca2+]i (191 +/- 24 nM; n = 21) above resting levels; this effect was blocked by ryanodine (10 microM). Thapsigargin (2 microM) and 2,5 di(-t-butyl)-1,4 hydroquinone (BuBHQ, 10 microM) produced increases in Ca2+]i (47 +/- 11 nM, n = 6 and 22 +/- 4 nM, n = 8, respectively) that increased cell excitability. These results support a role for mitochondria and sarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium stores in cytosolic Ca2+]i regulation; however, none of these organelles are primarily responsible for the return of Ca2+]i to resting levels following this KCl-induced Ca2+]i load.