以疏勒河流域为例的“山水林田湖草”生态修复多尺度耦合框架及方法

为解决过去保护修复工程只考虑单要素、单一类型生态系统的问题,我国于2016年开展了“山水林田湖草”生态修复工程,旨在通过整体、系统、综合的方法对各类生态系统进行统筹治理。然而,目前的工程治理中仍然存在对系统内部及系统间耦合概念理解不充分、系统耦合机制不明晰、对“尺度”的关注不足、缺少科学的分析方法等问题,制约了保护修复的成效。对此,首先将多个尺度下的耦合研究方法进行归纳总结,并以国家重点冰川水源涵养区及生物多样性保护优先区——疏勒河流域为例,将耦合方法用于分析要素间、自然生态系统间的耦合关系,最后基于该实例研究,提出多尺度耦合分析框架与“升尺度”保护修复模式,以期帮助相关决策者明晰“山水工程”中要素、系统间的耦合关系,增强治理的科学性与有效性,进而推进我国社会与环境的可持续发展。

Multi-scale coupling framework and method for mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands ecological restoration projects: A case study of Shule River Basin

With the advent of Anthropocene, the development of science and technology has made the man-land relationship increasingly close, and the contradiction between human and nature has become more and more obvious. Nowadays, how to deal with the relationship between socioeconomic development and environmental protection is at the top of the agenda of China as well as the rest of the world. In order to solve the problem that only one single element or only one type of ecosystem were considered in the traditional ecological conservation and restoration projects, China launched the mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands ecological restoration projects in 2016 aiming to manage all kinds of ecosystems in a holistic, systematic and comprehensive way, which requires the active participation, common protection, and joint management of interested parties in various departments. At the same time, the guidance of scientific and systematic ecosystem theories and methods is also the premise for successfully and smoothly implementing these ecological restoration projects. And the final goal of the projects is to maintain the integrity of all kinds of ecological elements, and keep the resistance, resilience, and self-organization ability of ecosystem in good condition. However, there are still some problems in the process of current environmental governance, such as poor understanding of the concept and mechanism of coupling within and between different systems, insufficient attention to "scale", and lack of scientific analysis methods, which have restricted the effectiveness of protection and restoration. In this regard, the concept of coupling in the field of ecology, the mechanism of coupling within and between different systems, and models and methods that have been applied in the researches on coupling on three scales were introduced and summarized in this research. Then, the Shule River Basin, a national key glacier water conservation area and a priority area for biodiversity conservation, as well as one of the pilot areas of mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands ecological restoration projects, was taken as an example to analyze the coupling relationship between ecological elements and between systems by applying the models and methods mentioned earlier. Finally, based on the case study, a multi-scale coupling analysis framework and an "up-scale" conservation and restoration pattern from the coupling perspective were proposed to help relevant decision makers to clarify the coupling relationship between ecological elements and between systems in Shule River Basin and other pilot areas, to enhance the scientific rationality and effectiveness of the overall environmental governance, and to promote the sustainable development of our society and environment.