1H NMR metabolic profiling of human serum associated with benign and malignant gallstone diseases

Proton NMR based metabolic profile of serum associated with different gallbladder pathologies is presented. Quantitative and qualitative variations in the metabolic profile of serum in control samples and three different pathologies of gallbladder, chronic cholecystitis, xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis and carcinoma of gallbladder has been evaluated by use of ¹H NMR based metabonomics and multivariate chemometric methods. Multivariate partial least square discriminant analysis of ¹H NMR spectra showed a clear discrimination between control and diseased groups on the basis of quantitative and qualitative metabolic variations. Increased levels of lactate and pyruvate whereas decreased levels of glucose, some amino acids and low density lipoprotein/very low density lipoprotein (LDL/VLDL) were observed. These metabolites, responsible for class discrimination, from different metabolic pathways could be considered as the signatures of the carcinoma of gallbladder.