New insights into the molecular mechanisms of store-operated Ca2+ signaling in T cells

The activation of Ca(2+) entry through store-operated channels by agonists that deplete Ca(2+) from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an ubiquitous signaling mechanism, the molecular basis of which has remained elusive for the past 20 years. In T lymphocytes, store-operated Ca(2+)-release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels constitute the sole pathway for Ca(2+) entry following antigen-receptor engagement, and their function is essential for driving the program of gene expression that underlies T-cell activation by antigen. The first molecular components of this pathway have recently been identified: stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), the ER Ca(2+) sensor, and Orai1, a pore-forming subunit of the CRAC channel. Recent work shows that CRAC channels are activated in a complex fashion that involves the co-clustering of STIM1 in junctional ER directly opposite Orai1 in the plasma membrane. These studies reveal an abundance of sites where Ca(2+) signaling might be controlled to modulate the activity of T cells during the immune response.