Synthesis and biological evaluation of thiobenzanilides as anticancer agents

A series of novel thiobenzanilides is described. These compounds have been previously found to show strong biological activity such as antimycotic and antifungal actions. This is the first demonstration on the mechanism of the anticancer effect of thiobenzanilide agents (4a–c) on human melanoma A375 cells. The cytotoxic studies of compounds 4a–c on human melanoma A375 cells indicate thiobenzanilides induced higher cytotoxicity than nitrobenzanilides (3a–c). In addition, DNA flow cytometric analysis shows that 4a–c displays a significant G2/M phase arrest, which progresses to early apoptosis as detected by flow cytometry after double-staining with annexin V and propidium iodide (PI). Because cellular apoptosis is often preceded by the disruption of mitochondrial function, the assessment of mitochondrial function in 4a–c-treated cells is worthy of investigation. Our data revealed that treatment of A375 cells with 4a–c resulted in the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ_mt), a reduction of ATP synthesis, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and activation of caspase-3. Thus, we suggest that 4a–c agents are potent inducers of cell apoptosis in A375 cells.