Ecology and mating competition influence sexual dimorphism in Tanganyikan cichlids |
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Authors: | Masahito Tsuboi Alejandro Gonzalez-Voyer Jacob H?glund Niclas Kolm |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Animal Ecology/Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyv?gen 18 D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden;(2) Department of Population Biology and Conservation Biology/Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyv?gen 18 D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden;(3) Department of Integrative Ecology, Estaci?n Biol?gica de Do?ana (EBD-CSIC), Avenida Am?rico Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain;(4) Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawaoiwakecho, Sakyouku, 6068187 Kyoto, Japan; |
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Abstract: | Sexual selection contributes strongly to the evolution of sexual dimorphism among animal taxa. However, recent comparative
analyses have shown that evolution of sexual dimorphism can be influenced by extrinsic factors like mating system and environment,
and also that different types of sexual dimorphism may present distinct evolutionary pathways. Investigating the co-variation
among different types of sexual dimorphism and their association with environmental factors can therefore provide important
information about the mechanisms generating variation in sexual dimorphism among contemporary species. Using phylogenetic
comparative analyses comparing 49 species of Tanganyikan cichlid fishes, we first investigated the pairwise relationship between
three types of sexual dimorphism size dimorphism (SSD), colour dimorphism (COD) and shape dimorphism (SHD)] and how they
were related to the strength of pre- and post-copulatory sexual selection. We then investigated the influence of ecological
features on sexual dimorphism. Our results showed that although SSD was associated with the overall strength of sexual selection
it was not related to other types of sexual dimorphism. Also, SSD co-varied with female size and spawning habitat, suggesting
a role for female adaptations to spawn in small crevices and shells influencing SSD in this group. Further, COD and SHD were
positively associated and both show positive relationships with the strength of sexual selection. Finally, the level of COD
and SHD was related to habitat complexity. Our results thus highlight distinct evolutionary pathways for different types of
sexual dimorphism and further that ecological factors have influenced the evolution of sexual dimorphism in Tanganyikan cichlid
fishes. |
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