Insect-induced effects on plants and possible effectors used by galling and leaf-mining insects to manipulate their host-plant |
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| Institution: | 1. Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS/Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France;2. Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom;3. Division of Plant Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 Rollins Street, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States;1. Department of Biological Sciences, Environmental Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (EnGGen), Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA;2. Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA;1. INRA, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France;2. Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens, France;1. International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India;2. Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, India;1. Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163 Berlin, Germany;2. Wageningen University, Biosystematics Group, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands |
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| Abstract: | Gall-inducing insects are iconic examples in the manipulation and reprogramming of plant development, inducing spectacular morphological and physiological changes of host-plant tissues within which the insect feeds and grows. Despite decades of research, effectors involved in gall induction and basic mechanisms of gall formation remain unknown. Recent research suggests that some aspects of the plant manipulation shown by gall-inducers may be shared with other insect herbivorous life histories. Here, we illustrate similarities and contrasts by reviewing current knowledge of metabolic and morphological effects induced on plants by gall-inducing and leaf-mining insects, and ask whether leaf-miners can also be considered to be plant reprogrammers. We review key plant functions targeted by various plant reprogrammers, including plant-manipulating insects and nematodes, and functionally characterize insect herbivore-derived effectors to provide a broader understanding of possible mechanisms used in host-plant manipulation. Consequences of plant reprogramming in terms of ecology, coevolution and diversification of plant-manipulating insects are also discussed. |
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| Keywords: | Gall-inducing insects Leaf-miners Plant manipulation Effectors |
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