复粒稻种质资源及其遗传育种利用

水稻(Oryza sativa)是世界上最重要的粮食作物之一, 也是单子叶植物发育分子生物学研究的理想模式植物。穗部形态是影响水稻产量的重要因素, 也是当前水稻遗传改良和发育生物学研究的热点之一。复粒稻是发生于水稻穗粒部的一种突变体材料, 在形态上可分为小穗簇生型和颖壳多雌型两种, 有自然突变、杂交变异和理化诱变等多种来源途径。作为一种特异的水稻种质资源, 复粒稻在水稻新材料创建、复粒型新品种选育、改善杂交制种结实性及探讨单子叶植物成花机理等方面具有重要的研究价值, 对创造复粒新型育种材料、提高穗着粒密度及穗粒数、有效缩短穗长度、改良水稻植株性状及提高产量等都具有重要意义。该文综述了复粒稻的资源类型、来源途径、遗传分析、基因定位及其育种利用价值等方面的研究进展, 并提出了今后的研究方向, 以期为水稻遗传育种提供参考。

Germplasm Resources and Genetic Breeding Utilization of Multiple-grain Rice

Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the most important food crops in the world and a model plant for study of molecular developmental biology in monocots. Panicle morphology is an important component of rice production and has become a “hot” topic in genetic improvement and developmental biology research of rice. Multiple-grain rice is a mutant of spikelets, which can be divided into clustered-spikelet and multi-pistil types created by natural mutation, hybrid variation, and physical/chemical mutagenesis. As a new germplasm resource, multiple-grain rice can help to establish new materials, new varieties, and sterility propagation and help in research into mechanisms of rice flowering. Because of spike grain density, multiple-grain rice can be used for large-compound-grain rice breeding materials, improving spike grain density and grain number per spike, shortening spike length, ameliorating rice plant traits, enhancing resistance and increasing yield. Here, we summarize the features of multiple-grain rice, origin, genetic analysis, gene location and breeding utilization, and point out the future of this research, which should provide a reference for further researching multiple-grain rice.