基于动物适宜栖息地的北京市自然保护地保护成效评估

栖息地是野生动物赖以生存的基础，明晰物种的适宜栖息地分布是切实加强野生动物保护、提高生物多样性保护成效的重要基础。北京市野生动植物资源丰富，也建立了一系列自然保护地以加强对野生动物的保护。当前亟需系统评估北京市现有自然保护地体系对野生动物适宜栖息地的保护成效，为未来北京市野生动物保护管理和自然保护地体系整合工作优化提供科学指导。研究选取了北京地区6个较为典型的野生动物为主要研究对象，包括黑鹳（Ciconia nigra）、褐马鸡（Crossoption mantchuricum）、大鸨（Otis tarda）、鸳鸯（Aix galericulata）、金雕（Aquila chrysaetos）和斑羚（Naemorhedus griseus），利用MaxEnt模型和ArcGIS的空间分析功能分析其适宜栖息地的分布；将自然保护地与适宜栖息地相叠加，识别其适宜栖息地的分布热点和保护空缺，进而评估了北京市现有自然保护地体系的保护成效。研究结果表明，6个研究物种在现有的自然保护地体系中均得到了不同程度的保护，其中褐马鸡的受保护率最高（92.82%），鸳鸯的受保护率最低（13.66%）。各类自然保护地的物种热点区覆盖率不同，风景名胜区类型覆盖率最高（14.74%）。6个物种适宜栖息地的热点区域总面积为280.01km²，保护空缺占热点区域总面积的49.45%，其中密云区、门头沟区和房山区的保护空缺面积最大。基于现有自然保护地体系对野生动物适宜栖息地的保护效率以及存在的空缺，建议因地制宜，采取扩大或合并现有自然保护地、增设新的自然保护地或营造微生境等方式来提升自然保护地的整体保护效率。研究结果可为北京市自然保护地的整合优化提供重要依据，为野生动物重要栖息地的识别与划定提供可行方案，并为加强野生动物的保护管理提供科学指导。

Assess the conservation effectiveness of the natural protected areas in Beijing based on the suitable habitat of wild animals

Habitats are essential for the survival of wild animals, and clarifying the distribution of a species'' suitable habitat can be helpful to strengthen wildlife conservation and to increase the conservation effectiveness for biodiversity. As the capital of China, Beijing holds abundant wild animals and the government has established different types of natural protected areas to provide the refuge for the wildlife. Nowadays, it is urgent to assess the effectiveness of these natural protected areas on the protection of habitats of the wild animals, which will provide scientific guidance to wildlife conservation management and integration of natural protected areas in Beijing. Based on the relative importance and the availability of the distribution data, we selected 6 typical wild animals in Beijing, i.e., Black stork (Ciconia nigra), Brown eared-pheasant (Crossoption mantchuricum), Great bustard (Otis tarda), Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata), Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) and Chinese goral (Naemorhedus griseus), and collected the distribution data of these species through field investigations, open databases and literature. We then analyzed the suitable habitats using the MaxEnt model and spatial analysis function of ArcGIS. We also identified the hotspots and GAPs (GAP analysis) of these species'' suitable habitats in Beijing. The results indicated that the natural protected areas covered various proportions of these animals'' suitable habitats with a range from 13.66% (Mandarin duck) to 92.82% (Brown-eared pheasant). The total area of the suitable habitat hotspots was 280.01 km², and mainly distributed in Miyun District, Yanqing District, Mentougou District and Fangshan District. However, the coverage of species hotspots differed among different natural protected areas, with it being highest in scenic spots (14.74%). The GAPs were responsible for 49.45% of the hotspots and mainly distributed in Miyun District, Mentougou District, Fangshan District, and the border of Miyun, Huairou and Yanqing. In particular, Miyun District, Mentougou District and Fangshan District held the largest areas of GAPs. Based on the distribution of the suitable habitats and the protection gaps, it is suggested to take suitable measures to improve the conservation effectiveness of the natural protected areas according to the local circumstances, and adopt different protection strategies for different protection objects, including expanding or merging some natural protected areas, establishing new natural protected areas, and creating micro-habitats. Our study provides feasible solutions for the identification and delineation of important wildlife habitats in Beijing, provides some scientific guidelines for the wildlife management and integration and optimization of the natural protected area system.