Population genetic structure of the round goby in Lake Michigan: implications for dispersal of invasive species |
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Authors: | Elizabeth A LaRue III" target="_blank">Carl R RuetzIII Michael B Stacey Ryan A Thum |
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Institution: | (1) Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, 740 West Shoreline Drive, Muskegon, MI 49441, USA |
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Abstract: | Understanding subsequent dispersal of non-native species following introduction is important for predicting the extent and
speed of range expansion and is critical for effective management and risk assessment. Post-introduction dispersal may occur
naturally or via human transport, but assessing the relative contribution of each is difficult for many organisms. Here, we
use data from seven microsatellite markers to study patterns of dispersal and gene flow among 12 pierhead populations of the
round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) in Lake Michigan. We find significant population structure among sampling sites within this single Great Lake: (1) numerous
populations exhibited significant pairwise F
ST and (2) a Bayesian assignment analysis revealed three distinct genetic clusters, corresponding to different pierhead locations,
and genetic admixture between these clusters in the remaining populations. Genetic differentiation (F
ST) is generally related to geographic distance (i.e., isolation by distance), but is periodically interrupted at the scale
of Lake Michigan due to gene flow among geographically distant sites. Moreover, average genetic differentiation among populations
exhibit a significant, negative correlation with the amount of shipping cargo at ports. Our results, therefore, provide evidence
that genetic structure of the round goby in Lake Michigan results from limited natural dispersal with frequent long-distance
dispersal through anthropogenic activities such as commercial shipping. Our study suggests that while round gobies can undoubtedly
disperse and found new populations through natural dispersal mechanisms, their spread within and among the Great Lakes is
likely aided by transport via ships. We, therefore, recommend that ballast-water treatment and management may limit the spread
of non-native species within the Great Lakes after the initial introduction in addition to preventing the introduction of
non-native species to the Great Lakes. |
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