Fungal tolerance to Congo red,a cell wall integrity stress,as a promising indicator of ecological niche |
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| Institution: | 1. Universidade Brasil, São Paulo, SP, Brazil;2. Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary;3. Centro de Ciência do Sistema Terrestre, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa Especiais - INPE, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil;1. Plant Protection Department, College of Agricultural Sciences (FCA), Lageado Experimental Farm, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil;2. Bioestatistic, Plant Biology, Parasitology and Zoology Department, Bioscience Institute (IBB), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil;1. Division of Fruit Tree Production Reseach, Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, 92-24 Shimokuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate, 020-0123, Japan;2. School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan;1. Division of Fruit Tree Production Reseach, Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, 92–24, Shimokuriyagawa, Morioka, 020–0123, Iwate, Japan;2. Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ–128 01, Praha 2, Czech Republic;3. School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1, Narashinodai, Funabashi, 274–8555, Chiba, Japan;1. Food and Health Engineering Research Center of State Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China;1. Dipartimento di Scienze, Università ‘Roma Tre’, Viale G. Marconi 446 – 00146, Rome, Italy;2. Dipartimento di Scienze Ecologiche e Biologiche (DEB), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Largo dell’Università Snc – 01100, Viterbo, Italy |
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| Abstract: | Differential sensitivities to the cell wall stress caused by Congo red (CR) have been observed in many fungal species. In this study, the tolerances and sensitivities to CR was studied with an assorted collection of fungal species from three phylogenetic classes: Sordariomycetes, Dothideomycetes, and Eurotiomycetes, three orders, and eight families. These grouped into different ecological niches, such as insect pathogens, plant pathogens, saprotrophs, and mycoparasitics. The saprotroph Aspergillus niger and the mycoparasite Trichoderma atroviride stood out as the most resistant species to cell wall stress caused by CR, followed by the plant pathogenic fungi, a mycoparasite, and other saprotrophs. The insect pathogens had low tolerance to CR. The insect pathogens Metarhizium acridum and Cordyceps fumosorosea were the most sensitive to CR. In conclusion, Congo red tolerance may reflect ecological niche, accordingly, the tolerances of the fungal species to Congo red were closely aligned with their ecology. |
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| Keywords: | Entomopathogenic fungi Plant-pathogenic fungi Saprotrophic fungi Mycoparasite fungi Stress tolerance Cell wall integrity stress Congo red |
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