Human mesenchymal stem cell biology

This brief overview summarises the main characteristics of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and of adipose-derived stem cells: methods of obtention, phenotype, differentiation potential, hematopoiesis-supportive (stromal) capacity, and immunosuppressive properties. Two points are discussed in detail: 1) criteria for stemness: multipotency, self-renewal, plasticity, and 2) the repair mechanisms implicated in the different indications of cell therapy using these cells: reconstitution of the tissue functional compartment by repopulation consequent to proliferation and differentiation or reprogrammation, stromal effects by secretion of angiogenic, anti-apoptotic, anti-fibrogenic factors, molecules involved in the regulation of inflammation, etc.