黄土高原农户生计转型及其生态效应——以陕西省佳县为例

在乡村地域系统人地关系日趋复杂的情况下，农户生计活动与生态环境之间的关系已成为生态效应研究的核心。本文以陕西省佳县为研究区，结合遥感影像、GIS技术和实地调研获取的微观数据，对1990年以来典型生态脆弱区农户生计对生态环境的影响进行长时序动态监测和分析，从农户种植结构、收入结构和劳动力要素投入结构对农户生计类型和乡村发展类型进行界定，分析农户生计转型过程和特征，基于土地利用分析生境质量时空变化，以生境质量为媒介分析农户生计转型的生态效应。主要结论如下：(1)佳县农户类型和乡村类型演化特征显著。从农户尺度上看，农户生计类型从以粮食主导型为主，逐渐演化为非农主导型为主粮食主导型为辅的组合模式。从乡村类型上看，传统农业型和新型农业型均逐渐演化为非农业型。(2)农户生计转型路径由多元化逐渐转向单一非农化发展，不同农户生计转型过程存在差异，按照转型路径特征可分为4类：持续稳定型、渐进型、调整型和倒退型。(3)生境退化度呈下降态势，从退化等级上看，无退化、轻度退化和中度退化等级面积增加，高度退化等级面积减少，严重退化等级面积降低为0。生境质量呈波动上升态势，从等级上看，占主导的为优等和较差等级，且...

Farmers' livelihood transition and ecological effects on Loess Plateau: A case study of Jiaxian County, Shaanxi Province

With the increasingly complex relationship between people and land in the rural regional system, the relationship between the livelihood activities of farmers and the ecological environment has emerged as the core of ecological effect research. This paper takes Jiaxian County in Shaanxi Province as the research area, combines remote sensing images, GIS technology and microscopic survey data obtained from field research, to conduct long-term monitoring and analysis the impact of farmers'' livelihood on the ecological environment in typically ecological fragile areas since 1990. This paper defined the types of farmers based on the planting structure, income structure, and labor input structure of farmers, also defined the type of villages'' development. We analyzed the process and characteristics of farmers'' livelihood transformation, the temporal and spatial changes in habitat quality based on land use, and used the habitat quality as a medium to analyze ecological effects of farmer'' livelihoods transformation. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the evolution characteristics of the types of farmers and villages in Jiaxian County were significant. The type of farmer households has gradually evolved from a food-dominated type to a non-agricultural-dominated type with the main food-dominated type supplemented. From the perspective of rural type, both traditional agricultural type and new agricultural type have gradually evolved into non-agricultural type. (2) The farmers'' livelihood transformation paths in Jiaxian County have gradually shifted from the diversified development to a single non-agricultural development path. Different farmers'' livelihood transformation processes are not the same. The transition path can be classified into four types: continuous and stable, gradual, adjustment, and retrograde. (3) The degree of habitat degradation showed a downward trend. In terms of degradation grades, the areas of no degradation, slight degradation, and moderate degradation increased, the area of highly degraded grades decreased, and the area of severely degraded grades decreased to 0. Habitat quality showed a fluctuating upward trend. From the perspective of grades, the dominant grades were excellent and poor grades, and the proportion of excellent grades was always the highest. (4) The complex feedback relationship between farmers'' livelihoods and the ecological environment is in dynamic change, there is a mutual influence between the two. During the transition of farmers'' livelihood to non-agricultural transformation, the degree of habitat degradation is gradually decreasing, and habitat quality is significantly improving. The transition of farmers'' livelihoods mainly produces ecological effects by affecting land use, resource consumption patterns and ecosystems.