Association between Cryptosporidium infection and cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The link between cryptosporidiosis and cancer has been suggested by some epidemiological studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to further understand this relationship. In the current study, six electronic databases were reviewed for Cryptosporidium infection in cancer patients. We used random effects model and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to determine the overall odds ratio (OR). Heterogeneity was calculated with Cochran's Q test and I²statistic. In total, 19 studies involving 3562 individuals with case-control (nine) and cross-sectional (ten) designs were included in our project. The pooled overall random effect favored a statistically significant increased risk of Cryptosporidium infection in cancer patients compared with non-cancer individuals [OR = 3.3; 95% CI: 2.18–4.98]. The overall heterogeneity was medium (χ² = 25.77; I² = 30.2%, P = .11). The pooled ORs in case-control and cross-sectional studies were [OR = 5.60; 95% CI: 3.43–9.13; χ² = 5.51; I² = 0.00%, P = .70] and [OR = 2.08; 95% CI: 1.18–3.67; χ² = 13.69; I² = 34.3, P = .13], respectively. T-value and P-value were 0.54 and 0.57 based on the results of Harbord's modified's regression test. In summary, this meta-analysis demonstrates that Cryptosporidium infection is associated with cancer. Also, it found that study design and year of publication are the specific sources of heterogeneity. Further studies should be carried out to investigate the impact of Cryptosporidium infection in the onset or development of cancer in the future.