Pre-Columbian impact on terrestrial, intertidal, and marine resources, San Salvador, Bahamas (A.D. 950–1500)

Zooarchaeological remains from San Salvador, Bahamas, reveal trends in pre-Columbian exploitation of terrestrial, intertidal, and marine resources during the period A.D. 950–1500. Significant declines in quantities and weights of Gecarcinidae (land crabs), weights of mollusks, such as Cittarium pica (West Indian top shell) and Chiton tuberculatus/Acanthopleura granulata (chitons), and body sizes of both Sparisoma viride (stoplight parrotfish) and Serranidae (sea basses and groupers) all indicate prehistoric overexploitation. Declines in total number of identified marine taxa as well as average trophic levels of exploited marine vertebrates suggest reduced species diversity and “fishing down the marine food web.” These findings indicate that a relatively minor prehistoric human population (500–1000 people) can have significant environmental impacts, especially on small, vulnerable island ecosystems.