Further studies on the regulation of the Harderian glands of golden hamsters by the thyroid gland

Summary Long-term increased or decreased circulating levels of thyroid hormones significantly modify porphyrin concentrations and morphology in the Harderian glands of male and female hamsters. Administration of T₃ reduced porphyrin concentrations in females; this treatment or decreasing thyroid hormone levels with KClO₄ suppressed the post-castration rise of porphyrins in males. Hypophysectomy led to increased porphyrins in the Harderian glands of males; this rise was suppressed in hypophysectomized males by T₃ or T₄. In females, hypophysectomy reduced porphyrins which were further reduced by daily administration of T₃ or T₄. These modifications in the normal females were identical in castrated males. Mitotic activity in the Harderian glands of females was stimulated by KClO₄ and by hypophysectomy with or without exogenous T₃. In males, castration increased mitotic activity which was suppressed by T₃ and exacerbated by KClO₄. Increased mitotic activity seemingly follows loss of tissue mass. The data show that thyroid hormones act directly on the Harderian glands rather than indirectly through modification of TSH synthesis/release. Female type glands in males are a consequence of loss of gonadal androgens by castration, or by suppression or loss of thyroid hormones by hypophysectomy or by treatment with KClO₄. However, male type glands in females are the result of androgen treatment, and/or increased levels of thyroid hormones via reduced ambient temperatures or of photic input. We conclude that regulation of the Harderian gland appears to be different in the two sexes.Abbreviations T ₃ Triiodothyronine - T ₄ Thyroxine - TSH Thyroid Stimulating Hormone - KClO ₄ Potassium Perchlorate - h hours - ml milliliter - mg milligram - g gram - male - female - castrated male - AP hypophysectomized - CON Control - ALA delta aminole-vulenic acid - HG Harderian Gland