丹顶鹤性活动的声行为研究

丹顶鹤繁殖期的性活动可分为雄鹤求偶、雌鹤对雄性求偶的应答、两性交配和交配完结4个阶段，其相应的鸣声模式分别为雄性的求偶鸣声、雌性对雄性求偶的应答声和两性的对鸣声、两性对唱的交配声和两性的高声合唱。4个阶段鸣声都是以基本音的主频率(PF)为主音的单音调声，前3个阶段都带数个近似fn=nf0(f0=FP)关系的低幅值谐频成分。第4个阶段带数个近似fn=nf0(f0=FP)关系的高幅值谐频成分；品质因数(Q3dB)多半为4～6，声脉冲重复频率(RFP)一般为150～180Hz，而第2阶段声的RFP一般为180～260Hz。雄性鸣声的每个单次叫声中含有的音节数较少，一般不超过4个；而雌性鸣声比较复杂。每个单次叫声中含有的音节数较多，一般都在7～8个以上；但雌雄鸣声的每个音节都是由3个声脉冲组成。雄鹤鸣唱声频率变化范围较小，而雌鹤鸣唱声频率变化形式是由低到高达到高峰后又开始下降。4个阶段的鸣声都具有较好共鸣。只有第2阶段发声运动较快。而且发现雄鹤鸣唱单次鸣叫声的音节数“增多”。各阶段鸣声特性均存在差异，不同配偶间均存在显著差异，研究结果表明丹顶鹤雌雄都具有不同的鸣声，且其性活动过程中不同的鸣声行为具有较高的个体识别信号潜能。另外，求偶鸣叫声和求偶应答与对鸣声在性活动鸣声中起着决定性的作用。

Researches on vocal behaviour of red-crowned crane in sexual activities

In breeding season, sexual behavioral activities of red-crowned crane can be divided into four stages:male courtship, response to male by female, mating and post- mating. The corresponding vocal models by both sexes were the courtship song of male, responding song of female to its spouse with antiphonal song of both sexes, mating antiphonal songs of both sexes, and loud-antiphony songs of both sexes after mating. This experiment was conducted in Zalong Protect Zone, Qiqihar and continuous observation was adopted. There were 16 hours from early morning to evening on each observation everyday. Breeding behavior and songs were recorded for three pairs of red-crowned crane which had representational character, using the method of direct observation and video recording. The recording was processed by MATLB analytic software that was offered from biophysics research institute of China Academy of Science and the outcomes were given in sonogram, oscillogram and frequency spectrum of songs of four stages of the surveyed cranes and their frequency domain, time domain, and intensity properties. The data obtained were processed completely by SAS software. (Ver 6.12 for Windows, Statistical Analysis Institute, 1996), the mean process was used to compute the mean and standard difference. ANOVA course was taken for difference analysis and Multiple comparison was made for different levels of the acoustic properties. The songs of these four stages are single tonal ones, of which it principal tone was characterized as the principal frequency of basic sound. The first three stages contained many harmonic frequencies with lower amplitude having approximate relation of f_n=nf_0, the fourth one contained many harmonic frequencies with higher amplitude having approximate relation of f_n=nf_0. Most quality factors were 4~6, repetition frequency of pulses was generally 150~180Hz, but it was 180~260Hz in the second stage. Acoustic properties of male songs were that there were less syllables in every single call and normally no more than four syllables. However, the songs of female were relatively complicated, acoustic properties of which were that there were many syllables in each single call and usually had 7~8 syllables, where each syllable was consisted of three pulses. The sound frequency of male singing had smaller extent variation, and that of female singing was changed from low to high and then to decrease. Songs of the four stages had better resonance. Only in second stag, the vocal frequency was faster, the others were slower. And it was discovered that the syllables of every single call in male singing were increased, it may be because of that the song was mixed with female's, on the other hand, it may be because of the song extending, this needs further research. The acoustic properties at different stages were the different and the marked difference was also found between the different spouses. The results of this study indicated that there were different vocal songs between males and females of red-crowned cranes and different vocal behaviors have specific latent energy in individual discrimination. In addition, the courtship song of male and responding song of female to its spouse with antiphonal song of both sexes play a decisive function in the sexual activities of red-crowned cranes.