The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: Development,evolution, structure and derivatives |
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| Authors: | Armelle Grevellec Abigail S. Tucker |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Broad California Institute of Regenerative Medicine Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;2. Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;3. House Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90057, USA;4. Biological Imaging Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA;5. Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA;6. Division of Basic Science, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;1. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan;1. Instituto de Histologia e Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício Egas Moniz, Piso 3, Ala C, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal;2. Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal;3. Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande C2, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal |
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| Abstract: | The pharyngeal arches form the face and neck of the developing embryo. The pharyngeal tissue is divided into distinct arches by the formation of clefts and pouches in between the arches. These clefts and pouches form at the juxtaposition between the ectoderm and endoderm and develop into a variety of essential structures, such as the ear drum, and glands such as the thymus and parathyroids. How these pouches and clefts between the arches form and what structures they develop into is the subject of this review. Differences in pouch derivatives are described in different animals and the evolution of these structures are investigated. The implications of defects in pouch and cleft development on human health are also discussed. |
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