Effect of chlorate,molybdate, and shikimic acid on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in aerobic and anaerobic cultures |
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| Authors: | Christy E. Oliver Ross C. Beier Michael E. Hume Shane M. Horrocks Thomas A. Casey Joel S. Caton David J. Nisbet David J. Smith Nathan A. Krueger Robin C. Anderson |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Animal and Range Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, USA;2. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA;3. Pre-Harvest Food Safety and Enteric Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 2300 North Dayton Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA;4. Biosciences Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, USA;1. P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow 119991, Russia;2. Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russia;1. Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China;2. Department of Electromyogram, 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China;1. Department of Poultry Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 5 Oczapowskiego Street, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland;2. Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 10 Tuwima Street, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland;3. Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 13 Oczapowskiego Street, 10-713 Olsztyn, Poland |
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| Abstract: | ![]()
Experiments were conducted to determine factors that affect sensitivity of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to sodium chlorate (5 mM). In our first experiment, cultures grown without chlorate grew more rapidly than those with chlorate. An extended lag before logarithmic growth was observed in anaerobic but not aerobic cultures containing chlorate. Chlorate inhibition of growth during aerobic culture began later than that observed in anaerobic cultures but persisted once inhibition was apparent. Conversely, anaerobic cultures appeared to adapt to chlorate after approximately 10 h of incubation, exhibiting rapid compensatory growth. In anaerobic chlorate-containing cultures, 20% of total viable counts were resistant to chlorate by 6 h and had propagated to 100% resistance (>109 CFU mL?1) by 24 h. In the aerobic chlorate-containing cultures, 12.9% of colonies had detectable resistance to chlorate by 6 h, but only 1% retained detectable resistance at 24 h, likely because these cultures had opportunity to respire on oxygen and were thus not enriched via the selective pressure of chlorate. In another study, treatment with shikimic acid (0.34 mM), molybdate (1 mM) or their combination had little effect on aerobic or anaerobic growth of Salmonella in the absence of added chlorate. As observed in our earlier study, chlorate resistance was not detected in any cultures without added chlorate. Chlorate resistant Salmonella were recovered at equivalent numbers regardless of treatment after 8 h of aerobic or anaerobic culture with added chlorate; however, by 24 h incubation chlorate sensitivity was completely restored to aerobic but not anaerobic cultures treated with shikimic acid or molybdate but not their combination. Results indicate that anaerobic adaptation of S. Typhimurium to sodium chlorate during pure culture is likely due to the selective propagation of low numbers of cells exhibiting spontaneous resistance to chlorate and this resistance is not reversible by molybdenum supplementation. |
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