Targeting vasculature in urologic tumors: mechanistic and therapeutic significance

Recent advances toward understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating cancer initiation and progression provide new insights into the therapeutic value of targeting tumor vascularity by interfering with angiogenic signaling pathways. The functional contribution of key angiogenic factors toward increased vascularity characterizing metastatic tumors and their therapeutic exploitation is considered in three major urologic malignancies, renal, bladder, and prostate cancer. With the realization that the success of the therapeutic efficacy of the various anti-angiogenic approaches for the treatment of urologic tumors has yet to be proven clinically, the challenge remains to select critical angiogenesis pathways that can be targeted for an individual tumor. Here we discuss the major mechanisms that support formation of vasculature in renal, bladder, and prostate tumors and the current results of targeting of specific molecules/regulators for therapeutic intervention against metastastic disease.     

The pathological role of Wnt5a in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis

Psoriasis (PsO) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with both local and systemic components. PsO‐associated arthritis, known as psoriatic arthritis (PsA), develops in approximately 13%‐25% of PsO patients. Various factors associated with both PsO and PsA indicate that these conditions are part of a single disease. Identification of novel targets for the development of drugs to treat both PsO and PsA is desirable to provide more patient‐friendly treatment regimens. Such targets will likely represent ‘common checkpoints’ of inflammation, for example key components or transduction cascades of the signalling pathways involved. Emerging evidence supports involvement of the non‐canonical Wnt signalling pathways in the development of both PsO and PsA, especially the Wnt5a‐activated signalling cascades. These, together with interlinked factors, are crucial in the interactions among keratinocytes, immune cells and inflammatory factors in PsO, as well as among chondrocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts that trigger both subchondral bone remodelling and cartilage catabolism in PsA. This review focuses on the pathological role of Wnt5a signalling and its interaction with other interlinked pathways in both PsO and PsA, and also on the main challenges for future research, particularly with respect to molecules targeting Wnt signalling pathways for the treatment of PsO and PsA.     

内蒙古晚白垩世似鸟龙与鸭嘴龙骨组织的研究

对采获于我国内蒙古二连浩特晚白垩世达布苏组的蜥臀目兽脚亚目似鸟龙科恐龙（Archaeornithomimius asiatcus)和鸟臀目鸟脚亚目鸭嘴龙科恐龙（Bactrosaurus johnsoni)的胫骨、排骨、股骨、尺骨、肋骨、椎骨骨组织结构特征进行了研究,并将它们的骨组织与爬行纲初龙亚钢的现存湾鳄（Crocodylus porosus)和非洲Tuo鸟（Struthio camelus)的骨组织进行直观比较,应用计算机图像分析技术及统计方法进行比较研究。结果显示：1）这两种恐龙的骨组织具有相似的基本结构特征,但也存在一些差异;2）两种恐龙的长骨组织均具有快速后生生长特点;3）似鸟龙科恐龙的幼年长骨只速率高,成体则相对减慢;4）似鸟龙科恐龙的幼体肋骨中具有生长轮,成体的肋骨中则生长轮有可能因骨改建而消失;5）两种恐龙、非洲Tuo鸟和湾鳄的长骨的血管分布密度有统计学的显著差异,两种恐龙的骨组织血管密度介于非洲Tuo鸟和湾鳄之间;6）这两种恐龙的骨组织既不同于现代鸟类骨组织,也不同于现代爬行类骨组织,有可能是介于这两种骨组织之间的一种独立的过渡类型或中间类型。     

我国晚白垩世恐龙与现代爬行类及鸟类骨组织的比较研究

报道了我国山西北部晚白垩世蜥臀目巨龙科的一种大型恐龙和鸟臀目甲龙科的一种小型恐龙的骨组织结构特征,以及这两种恐龙的骨组织与现代鸟类和现代爬行类的典型骨组织比较研究的结果。通过对两种恐龙的腿骨、肢骨近端部、肋骨、椎骨微观结构的观察,获得了对这些恐龙骨组织基本结构特征的认识。通过对这两种恐龙的腿骨组织与现代爬行类湾鳄（Crocodylusporosus）和非洲鸵鸟（Struthiocamelus）的腿骨组织进行的直观比较和应用计算机图象分析技术及统计方法进行的比较研究,获得如下的结果：（1）两种恐龙的骨组织和现代爬行类的典型骨组织之间有显著差异;（2）两种恐龙的长骨组织具有快速后生生长特点,因而比较接近现代鸟类骨组织的生长模式;（3）两种恐龙、非洲鸵鸟和湾鳄的腿骨组织的血管分布密度有统计学的显著差异,恐龙的骨组织血管密度介于非洲鸵鸟和湾鳄之间。