生物杀虫剂对大豆蚜的室内毒力及田间药效的筛选研究

【目的】通过比较不同药剂防治大豆蚜Aphis glycines的效果,筛选出适宜使用的生物农药,为生产上防治大豆蚜提供科学依据。【方法】选用室内毒力和田间药效试验相结合的方法,测定了10种杀虫剂对大豆蚜的防治效果。【结果】室内毒力测定结果显示,各药剂经24 h处理的试虫校正死亡率在85.84%~100%之间。田间药效试验结果表明,除2.5%多杀霉素悬浮剂外,其它药剂均表现出对于大豆蚜的较好的防治效果。15%除虫菊素水乳剂、6%乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂、3%阿维菌素水乳剂、0.5%苦参碱水乳剂这4种生物农药施用后的4 d防治效果均在95%以上。【结论】这4种生物农药具有较高的推广价值,可用于大豆蚜的防治。     

Field calibration of liming responses of four crops using soil pH,Al and Mn

Liming trials were conducted at 28 sites in the western Great Plains of Canada for barley, rape, red clover and alfalfa. Yield increases from liming correlated with soil pH and Al but not with Mn. When all sites were included, yield increases from liming correlated closely (r=0.86 to 0.94) with exchangeable Al, percent Al saturation and 0.02M CaCl₂-Al for barley, rape and red clover, these responses having correlated less well (R=0.56 to 0.72) with soil pH. Alfalfa yield responses gave low correlations with both pH and the Al measurements. When only the sites with soil pH≥5 were used, the yield responses to lime of barley and rape still correlated better with the Al measurements than with pH even though the correlations, in general, were much lower than when all sites were included. For the sites with soil pH>-5, the correlations were highest for yield responses of barley and rape with 0.02M CaCl₂-Al. It is suggested that the use of toxic Al and Mn for routinely diagnosing the limiting factor by soil acidity could improve on the economy of liming. Contribution Number 653.     

Sequential designs for phase I clinical trials with late-onset toxicities

Traditional designs for phase I clinical trials require each patient (or small group of patients) to be completely followed before the next patient or group is assigned. In situations such as when evaluating late-onset effects of radiation or toxicities from chemopreventive agents, this may result in trials of impractically long duration. We propose a new method, called the time-to-event continual reassessment method (TITE-CRM), that allows patients to be entered in a staggered fashion. It is an extension of the continual reassessment method (CRM; O'Quigley, Pepe, and Fisher, 1990, Biometrics 46, 33-48). We also note that this time-to-toxicity approach can be applied to extend other designs for studies of short-term toxicities. We prove that the recommended dose given by the TITE-CRM converges to the correct level under certain conditions. A simulation study shows our method's accuracy and safety are comparable with CRM's while the former takes a much shorter trial duration: a trial that would take up to 12 years to complete by the CRM could be reduced to 2-4 years by our method.     

20种杀虫剂对柑橘矢尖蚧的室内毒力测定

柑橘矢尖蚧Unaspis yanonensis(Kuwana)是危害柑橘的重要害虫之一。为了筛选高毒有机磷农药的替代物,在室内条件下采用浸渍法分别测定20种杀虫剂原药对柑橘矢尖蚧1龄若虫的毒力。结果表明:供试杀虫剂对柑橘矢尖蚧的毒力大小依次为:甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐>阿维菌素>硝虫硫磷>噻嗪酮>杀扑磷>吡虫啉>乙酰甲胺磷>毒死蜱>喹硫磷>亚胺硫磷>稻丰散>敌百虫>残杀威>氟氯氰菊酯>甲氰菊酯>甲氧虫酰肼>苯氧威>高效氯氰菊酯>石硫合剂>矿物油。     

常用药剂对扶桑绵粉蚧雌成虫的毒力测定及对天敌的影响

为筛选防治扶桑绵粉蚧的理想药剂及减少药剂对天敌的影响,本文采用浸渍法测定了5种药剂对扶桑绵粉蚧雌成虫的药效试验及对班氏跳小蜂的影响,结果表明,药剂对扶桑绵粉蚧雌成虫的致死作用与浓度成正比,即浓度越高杀虫效果越好。5种药剂中,吡虫啉与高效氯氰菊酯防治扶桑绵粉蚧速效、效果好,能较好地控制扶桑绵粉蚧的危害;而印楝素和阿维菌素药效持续性明显好于化学药剂。班氏跳小蜂对在此基础上筛选出的10%吡虫啉与0.3%印楝素具有更高的敏感性,24 h对吡虫啉的LC_(50)为17.80mg/L;对印楝素的LC_(50)为17.80mg/L。吡虫啉、印楝素均作为防治扶桑绵粉蚧的备选药剂,并推荐印楝素可作为扶桑绵粉蚧绿色防治的首选药剂。     

利用离体大白鼠肝癌细胞的EROD诱导指示二恶英的复合毒性效应

离体条件下,以大白鼠肝癌细胞株H4IIE的7－乙氧基－3－异吩恶唑酮－脱乙基酶（EROD）活力诱导作为毒性指标,测定了2,3,7,8－TCDD单独存在以及与一定浓度的2,3,7,8,－TCDF,OCDD,PCB126和PCB77分别共存下的EROD活力,并用TEF和独立作用模型（independence)两种方法对实验结果进行了评估。利用TEF评估的结果表明实验的TEQ值和理论计算的TEQ值十分接近,复合毒性表现为加合作用（additivity),这一结果与用独立作用模型评估的结果完全一致。研究结果不仅证实了TEF评估方法的有效性和利用模型方法评估二恶英类化合物复合毒性的可行性,同时还表明离体条件下,大白鼠肝癌细胞株H4IIE的EROD酶活力诱导适用于化合物的复合毒性的研究。     

Prostatic irradiation-induced sexual dysfunction: A review and multidisciplinary guide to management in the radical radiotherapy era (Part III on Psychosexual Therapy and the Masculine Self-Esteem)

Psychological morbidity, sexuality, and health/system information have been identified as the highest areas of support needs in patients undergoing management of their prostate cancer (PCa). Management of a patient’s sexual function prior to, during and after PCa radiotherapy requires multidisciplinary coordination of care between radiation oncologists, urologists, dermatologists, pharmacists, and psychiatrists. The finale of this three-part review provides a framework for clinicians to better understand the role of mental healthcare providers in the management of sexual toxicities associated with prostatic radiotherapy. The authors recommend that patients be referred for psychological evaluation and possibly to individual, couples or group general or cognitive behavioral sex therapy at the time of their PCa diagnosis, for a more specialized focus on management of sexual toxicities and sexual recovery. The importance and implications of the masculine self-esteem, sexual orientation, gender identification, cultural expectations, relationship status and patient education are reviewed. Well-informed patients tend to have a better quality of life outcomes compared to patients that take on a passive role in their cancer management.     

Targeting the mTOR regulatory network in hepatocellular carcinoma: Are we making headway?

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway coordinates organismal growth and homeostasis in response to growth factors, nutrients, and cellular energy stage. The pathway regulates several major cellular processes and is implicated in various pathological conditions, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This review summarizes recent advances of the mTOR pathway, highlights the potential of the mTOR pathway as a therapeutic target, and explores clinical trials targeting the mTOR pathway in HCC. Although the review focuses on the mTOR pathway involved in HCC, more comprehensive discussions (eg, developing a rational design for future trials targeting the mTOR pathway) are also applicable to other tumors.