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1.
Tadpole shrimps (Notostraca) occur sporadically in temporary ponds and their survival there depends largely upon the drought-resistant eggs they produce. Environmental conditions conducive to hatching of eggs of Lepidurus couesii were investigated in the laboratory. Almost all eggs hatched best at 20 °C, whether desiccated for a short or long period, with a prior freezing shock or without such a shock, with intact shells. Eggs that endured a longer period of desiccation and eggs with abraded shells displayed a more equivocal response to different temperatures for hatching. Long-term hatchability of eggs was demonstrated. Time required for successful hatching was shortest at 20 °C, with no discernible difference between 17 °C and 25 °C. Both short- and long-term survival of populations of the species appears to be fostered by the adaptive response to temperature shown by the eggs.  相似文献   
2.
樊晓丽  雷焕宗  林植华 《生态学报》2012,32(17):5574-5580
体温是影响变温动物表现的最重要生理学变量。检测了国家二级保护动物虎纹蛙的雌性亚成体、雄性亚成体、幼体和蝌蚪这4个发育阶段的选择体温和热耐受性。单因子方差分析表明,虎纹蛙选择体温、耐受低温、耐受高温和温度耐受范围的组间差异均显著,幼体的选择体温(24.13℃)显著低于雌性亚成体(28.06℃)、雄性亚成体(29.27℃)和蝌蚪(28.23℃),雌性亚成体、雄性亚成体和蝌蚪之间差异不显著;幼体的耐受低温(13.85℃)显著高于雌性亚成体(11.27℃)、雄性亚成体(10.84℃)和蝌蚪(10.74℃),雌性亚成体、雄性亚成体和蝌蚪之间差异不显著;幼体具有显著低的耐受高温(35.48℃)、蝌蚪具有显著高的耐受高温(43.31℃),雌性亚成体(39.55℃)和雄性亚成体(39.02℃)的耐受高温差异不显著;幼体(21.62℃)具有显著小的温度耐受范围、蝌蚪(32.58℃)具有显著大的温度耐受范围,雌性亚成体(28.28℃)和雄性亚成体(28.18℃)的温度耐受范围差异不显著。虎纹蛙幼体和亚成体体温和水温之间在降温速度和升温速度的相关关系均显著。用回归剩余值去除水温变化速度对体温变化的影响,双因子方差分析(降温和升温速度为重复检验设置)表明,幼体的体温变化速度显著大于亚成体,两性亚成体间差异不显著;温度变化类型(降温和升温)和两因子的交互作用对体温变化的影响不显著。基本热生态位分离和体温调节能力的发育限制是形成上述现象的最可能的原因。  相似文献   
3.
中国林蛙蝌蚪的食性   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
本文对河北产中国林蛙蝌蚪的食性进行了系列的试验分析,是对其人工养殖不同发育阶段的饵料配方进行科学探索的一部分。结果表明:不同种类的单一饵料对蝌蚪的生长发育产生不同影响;蝌蚪不同发育时期对饵料趋向性不同;一定比例的人工合成饵料适宜蝌蚪期饲喂。  相似文献   
4.
The external morphology of frog larvae is predicted to vary among habitats, for a variety of functional reasons. I performed a phylogenetic comparative study to test whether correlations between habitat and the shape of the tadpole and its oral disc are adaptive in 82 species from south‐eastern Australia in the families Hylidae and Myobatrachidae. Habitat distributions and phylogenetic relationships were compiled from the literature and shape was quantified using geometric morphometric analysis of published drawings. Results indicate that shape evolved towards different optima in different habitats while also showing appreciable levels of phylogenetic inertia. Within myobatrachids, evolution of terrestrial tadpoles was associated with a short and shallow head/body and a shallow tail. In aquatic species, the use of benthic microhabitats was correlated with a long shallow tail, dorsal eye position, shallow head/body and ventral mouth with robust jaw sheaths. Even traits with evidence for adaptation evolved slowly in response to habitat shifts, usually requiring ≥10 million years to evolve half‐way to a new optimum. Although these findings support adaptive evolution of tadpole body form, they also highlight a strong influence of ancestral character states and indicate that phenotypes in extant species are partly maladaptive.  相似文献   
5.
四川无尾两栖类的繁殖模式   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
依据Duellman和Trueb(1986)的定义,对四川无尾两栖动物的繁殖模式多样性进行了研究。研究结果如下:(1)73种四川无尾类可以划分为2类共5种繁殖模式。水内产卵是比较原始的一类繁殖模式,又分2种:静水产卵(模式1)和流水产卵(模式2),68种(93%)是在水内产卵;水外产卵是较进化的一类繁殖模式,又分3种:卵产在近水塘的泥窝中(模式12),卵泡产在近水域的土穴中(模式21)和卵泡产在近水域的树上或灌丛上(模式23),仅5种(7%)在水外产卵。(2)模式1、12、21、23的两栖动物,雌雄性的体型较模式2的物种为小,产卵的数量大,但卵径较小;蝌蚪的生态表型均可归入静水型,共同特点是蝌蚪体型小,在静水中觅食,生长发育快。模式2的两栖动物,雌雄性的体型较大,产卵的数量少,而卵径较大;蝌蚪的生态表型可归入流水型,特点是蝌蚪体型大,在流水中觅食,生长发育慢。(3)水内产卵的两栖动物的窝卵能量投入方式可以分为两种:静水产卵(模式1)的物种通过增加卵的数量来增加投入,接近于r-选择物种;流水产卵(模式2)的物种通过增大卵径来增加投入,接近于k-选择物种;是两种适应不同环境条件的的繁殖策略。  相似文献   
6.
The emergence of amphibian chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has led to the decline and extinction of numerous amphibian species. Multiple studies have observed links between climatic factors and amphibian declines apparently caused by Bd. Using outdoor experimental mesocosms, we tested the response of red‐legged frog (Rana aurora) tadpoles to increased variation in temperature, a component of climate linked to amphibian declines, and Bd exposure. We included tadpoles of a sympatric competitor species, Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla), in a fully factorial design to test the effects of Bd and temperature on interspecific interactions. We found that higher variation in temperature had numerous effects in mesocosms, including interacting with Bd presence to decrease the condition of R. aurora, shifting the relative performance of competing P. regilla and R. aurora, and accelerating the development of P. regilla relative to R. aurora. Our results demonstrate that increased variation in temperature can affect amphibians in multiple ways that will be contingent on ecological context, including the presence of Bd and competing species.  相似文献   
7.
中国林蛙变态蝌蚪对pH、盐度和碱度的适应性   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3  
在水温16~18℃的野外条件下,采用单因子急性毒性实验法,研究了水环境中pH、盐度和碱度对中国林蛙(Rana chensinensis)变态蝌蚪的毒性效应.结果表明,中国林蛙变态蝌蚪对pH的适应范围为4.3~9.7,最低耐受限3.6,最高耐受限10.7;对盐度的最高耐受限为9.98g·L^-1,适应盐度上限7.14g·L^-1,安全盐度上限1.70g·L^-1;对碱度的最高耐受限为19.96mmol·L^-1,适应碱度上限8.76mmol·L^-1。安全碱度上限2.41mmol·L^-1.野外变态蝌蚪饲养池水体pH应控制在6.5~8.5,盐度控制在2.0g·L^-1以下,碱度不超过4.0mmol·L^-1.中国林蛙变态蝌蚪是一种狭酸碱、低耐盐、低耐碱生物。  相似文献   
8.
Frog metamorphosis includes transition from water breathing to air breathing but the extent to which such a momentous change in behavior requires fundamental changes in the organization of the brainstem respiratory circuit is unknown. Here, we combine a vertically mounted isolated brainstem preparation, “the Sheep Dip,” with a search algorithm used in computer science, to identify essential rhombomeres for generation of ventilatory motor bursts in metamorphosing bullfrog tadpoles. Our data suggest that rhombomere 7, which in mammals hosts the PreBötC (PreBötzinger Complex; the likely inspiratory oscillator), is essential for gill and buccal bursts. Whereas rhombomere 5, in close proximity to a brainstem region associated with the mammalian expiratory oscillator, is essential for lung bursts at both stages. Therefore, we conclude there is no rhombomeric translocation of respiratory oscillators in bullfrogs as previously suggested. In premetamorphic tadpoles, functional ablation of rhombomere 7 caused ectopic expression of precocious lung bursts, suggesting the gill oscillator suppresses an otherwise functional lung oscillator in early development. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 73: 888–898, 2013  相似文献   
9.
10.
镉对中国林蛙蝌蚪生长发育的毒性效应   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
将中国林蛙(Rana chensinensis)蝌蚪分别暴露于加Cd2 的自来水和去离子水中,统计得出24、48、72和96 h的半数致死浓度(LC50)、全致死浓度(LC100)、零致死浓度(LC0)和安全浓度(SC)。结果表明,随着Cd2 浓度的升高和染Cd2 时间的延长,蝌蚪的死亡率增高,Cd2 加入去离子水中对蝌蚪的毒性比在自来水中更强。另外,将26~27期林蛙蝌蚪饲养在含Cd2 0.05、0.1、0.2和0.4 mg.L-1的自来水中直至完全变态,通过对完全变态所需时间、平均体重和长度增长率的测定,研究在SC以下Cd2 对林蛙蝌蚪胚后发育的影响。随着Cd2 浓度的升高,蝌蚪的平均体重和长度的增长率降低,完全变态所需时间增长。说明Cd2 污染在SC以下仍可抑制中国林蛙蝌蚪的生长发育,延缓变态。  相似文献   
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